英语短文的结构及段落的组织 一、短文的结构
文章、段落、句子、词组、单词
从文到段，从段到句，是篇章结构的主要内容。 了解篇章结构，是进行写作的必备常识。 一篇文章通常可分为以下三种段落：
(一)引言段(Introductory Paragraph)：向读者介绍此片文章的主题及背景材料。在文中起到开宗明义，即“启”的作用，是全文的主题所在。
(二)主题段(Body Paragraph(s) )：也叫正文，是文章的主体部分，也是情节发展、事实说明或者层层递进的部分，把要论述的，具体而明晰。文章内容要具有 一致性、连贯性，在文章中起到“承”和“转”的作用。
(三)结尾段(Conclusion Paragraph)：也叫结束语，是由通篇文章所得出的简短结论，或者事情发展到了最后一个情节，即故事的结束、结局、其作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或者肯定文章的中心思想，用以加深印象，在文章中起到“合”的作用。 二、文章的段落
段落是英语作文的基本结构单位，是文章中相对独立的一个部分。
段落与文章的三个组成部分相对应，通常由三个部分组成：主题句、发展句和结尾句。 短文写作的技巧与套路 一、写作步骤
1.多读多练 充分准备 2. 细读指令 认真审题 3. 理清思路 构思布局 4. 精选素材 列出提纲 5. 动笔写作 组织成文 6. 用词简洁 篇幅适中 7. 认真检查 仔细修改 二、写作套路 1. 写作类型 1)现象阐释型
通常要求考生对某一现象进行解释说明，分析其原因并加以评论。其基本结构
是：首先描述现象并说明其现状；然后分析这种现象的原因或相关因素；最后提出建议或总结观点。典型题目如：
Why College Students Have Difficulty Finding Jobs? Why College Students Take a Part-time Job? Chatting on Line
2) 问题解决型
通常要求考生从试题的提示行文字入手，描述其反映出的问题，提出解决方案或应对措施。其基本结构是：首先引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性，并简要分析其产生的原因或带来的危害和影响；然后提出解决问题的办法或措施；最后表明自己的态度，提出建议并展望前景。典型题目如下：
How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic How to Succeed in a Job Interview How I Finance My College Life Staying Healthy hatting on Line 3）对比选择型
这类作文的标志十分明显，其要求比较明确，即直接要求考生比较两种观点或
两种做法，进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点，也就是做出选择。其基本结构：首先对要评论的事物或现象进行整体介绍；然后陈述两种不同的观点或做法及其理由;之后表明自己的观点或态度。典型题目如： It Pays to Be Honest
Should Education Be Commercialized?
Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major? Reading Selective or Extensively? 4）利弊评述型
此类作文要求考生客观地分析和评论某一事物的正反两方面，或在某一问题上反
映出的两种不同看法，并不需要明确表明态度，说明事物的对与错，尤其是会有较大争议的问题，可采用平衡利弊的态度，提出某种希望和设想。典型题目如： The Positive and Negative Aspects of Skyscrapers The Development of a Private Car
Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good LUCK? College Life in Internet Era My View on Examination 5) 观点论证型
此类作文一般要求考生根据题目所给的论点，按照题目要求通过摆事实、讲道理
的方式对该论点进行论证或反驳。其基本结构是：首先提出要论证或反驳的论点；然后提出论据对其进行论证或反驳；最后表明自己的立场和看法。典型题目如：
Harmful of Fake Commodities Why I Attended College The Job I Like Best
The Benefits of Making Friends of Different Kinds 2. 段落类型
（1）描述段：一般首先对命题中提供的信息（如某现象、问题、背景或事件）进行提炼和概括，然后进行扩展描述。
（2）说明段：主要对原因、危害、影响、作用、方法、过程等进行分析说明，段落的组织必须要注意以下两点：一是要条理清楚，尽量使用一些比较清晰的表达方式。如说明原因时，可以使用the main reason, what is more, as a result等短语，以突出文章的条理性；二是要根据标题和提纲内容确定合适的说明角度和说明方法，如说明原因或举例说明等。 （3）议论段：通常是考生根据文章的主题提出、论证或总结某项观点。写议论段时应做到观点明确、论证充分，并有令人信服的数据和例子来支持论点，使文章具有说服力。议论段主要有四种：提出观点段（有时是提出一种观点，有时是提出两种对立观点）、论证观点段、对比论证段（对两种观点进行对比论证，有时可分成两段来分述两种观点）和总结观点段。
3.写作模板 1）现象阐释型
①Nowadays, there exists a social/economic/environmental phenomenon, which has aroused great concern among people around us./ 总体现象has increasingly become a common concern of the public./ 总体现象is commonly accepted by the people from all walks of life. ②According to a survey, …。
③There are a couple of reasons booming this phenomenon./This problem/phenomenon has a great effect on … ④Firstly,/above all/First of all/原因一/影响一⑤Secondly/what’s more/ furthermore（原因二/影响二）⑥Besides/Finally（原因三/影响三） ⑦As a result/ Therefore/ consequently,（结果）⑧As far as I am concerned/ As to me /In my opinion, “我”的观点/态度/做法⑨furthermore,进一步说明 ⑩Therefore/ based on the above discussions, I can conclude/ it can be concluded that…(总结全文) (1)描述段：描述现象 ①开门见山，总述现象
②阐释现象的具体表现或变化 (2)说明段：阐述原因
③承上启下，引出原因/因素/影响 ④具体阐述原因一/因素一/影响一
⑤列举原因二/因素二/影响二（可以用例证支持） ⑥列举原因三/因素三/影响三（可以用例证支持） ⑦总结以上原因或因素导致的结果/该现象的最终影响 (3)议论段：表明观点
⑧我对此现象的思考或看法（可能是个人选择或者是对现象、趋势或影响的评述） ⑨进一步说明自己的看法或陈述理由 ⑩总结全文
例： Cards
1.现代城市中持卡的人越来越多； 2.原因在于。。。； 3.“我”的看法。
①Nowadays, holding cards has become a common phenomenon. ②According to a survey, over 80%of people in big cities hold various kinds of cards issued by banks, restaurants, supermarkets ,etc.（描述段）③There are a number of reasons for it.④ First of all, it is convenient to consume by cards. ⑤What’s more, it is safer to carry cards than cash. For example, if one’s cards are lost, the owner needn’t worry too much because no one else can get the money out without the password. ⑥In addition, cards can give card holders certain privilege or discount in service. ⑦Therefore, holding cards, especially among the youth, becomes fashionable recently.（说明段）⑧ As for me, cards have a bright future. ⑨With the development of science and technology, cards will become much safer and easier to use. ⑩Therefore, it can be concluded that more people will use cards.(议论段，表明观点)
模仿练习1
• Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags outline:
1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用
2.造成的问题 3.限制使用的意义 模仿练习2
• On Power Failure
• 1．很多城市缺电现象严重 • 2．分析原因 • 3．提出建议 模仿练习3
• Online Education • Outline:
1.目前网络教育形成热潮
2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是…… 3.我对网络教育的评价 模仿练习4
Skipping Classes on College Campus Outline：
1.大学里逃课现象时有发生； 2.分析学生逃课的原因； 3.如何减少逃课现象 2）问题解决型
①In recent years, increasing numbers of people关注/牵涉/参与不良现象或某一问题 ②It is obvious that 危害一/作用一 ③Additionally, 危害二/作用二④therefore, special/considerable attention should be paid to 该问题
⑤on the one hand/ firstly, 方法一 ⑥On the other hand/ secondly, 方法二⑦ In addition/ thirdly, 方法三
⑧Of course, following these suggestions/methods may not surely solve the problem, but it is worth of trying ⑨As for me/ in my opinion, “我”的思考或看法 ⑩Only in this way… 倒装句总结全文/undoubtedly, it is necessary/ essential… 根本途径 (1)描述段：描述问题
①开门见山，综述不良现象或某一问题 ②问题的危害一/解决问题的作用一 ③问题的危害二/解决问题的作用二
④承上启下，表达解决问题的必要性和紧迫性，引出解决问题的方法或相关因素 (2)说明段：说明方法因素 ⑤解决方法一/决定因素一 ⑥解决方法二/决定因素二 ⑦解决方法三/决定因素三 (3)议论段：
⑧指出这些方法不一定能成功解决问题，但付出总是值得的 ⑨“我”倾向的方法和途径
⑩提出根本途径或建议，应该采取的态度，总结全文 例：
How to Treat the Parent-Child Relationship 1.父母与孩子之间的代沟越来越大； 2.代沟带来那些影响；
3.如何消除代沟，并改善父母与孩子之间的关系。
①More and more people are paying attention to the generation gap between parents and their children. ②Obviously, the generation gap is a source of family disharmony. ③Additionally, it may lead to a number of social problem. ④Therefore, measures should be taken to deal with the issue. ⑤On the one hand, parents should be more tolerant to their children , remembering that a child is a child and there is always such a stage in one’s growth. ⑥On the other hand, children should also understand that without parents’ guidance, they won’t be able to grow up healthily. ⑦ Finally, parents should spent more time with their children. ⑧Of course , following these suggestions may not surely solve the problem, but it is worth the effort. ⑨As for me, mutual understanding is the key solution. ⑩Undoubtedly, it is essential for both parents and children to understand each other for a good parent—child relationship. 模仿练习1
• How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
• 1. Importance of solving the problem of heavy traffic • 2. Ways to solve the problem of heavy traffic • 3. My suggestion 模仿练习2
• How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. • 1.解决住房问题的重要性
• 2.三种可能解决住房问题的方案：
1)多造高层建筑； 2)向地下发展； 3)疏散城市人口。 • 3) 对比选择型 • 3.我的建议
①When asked about/ when it comes to事物/问题 , different people will offer different opinions. ②Some people take it for granted that观点一③ in their opinion, 选择观点一的理由一④Besides,选择观点一的理由二
⑤ however, others hold that观点二⑥ They maintain that观点二/选择观点二的理由一⑦And观点二/选择观点二的理由二
⑧Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the former/ later viewpoint/ choice. ⑨”我”的理由⑩Therefore , as stated above, 重申观点/选择 (1)议论段：提出观点
①开门见山，指出人们对某事物/问题存在不同的观点/选择 ②提出观点一/选择一
③提出观点一/选择一的理由一 ④提出观点一/选择一的理由二 (2)议论段：对比论证 ⑤提出观点二/选择二
⑥提出观点二/选择二的理由一 ⑦提出观点二/选择二的理由二 (3)议论段：总结观点 ⑧标明“我”的倾向 ⑨阐述“我”的理由
⑩总结全文， 重申“我”的观点/选择
例：To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond 1. 在大企业工作的特点； 2. 在小企业工作的特点； 3. 我的选择。
①To the question whether to work in a large enterprise or in a small firm, different people may have different answers. ②Some may choose to be a small fish in a big pond. ③They hold that they can derive a sense of pride from being a member of a famous organization such as General Motors. ④Besides, they can work with people from different parts of the world.
⑤Still others may prefer to be a big fish in a small pond. ⑥According to them, in a small company, they may be given greater responsibilities without much restriction. ⑦Consequently, they can show their talents fully and freely.
⑧Weighing up these two choices, I am for the latter. ⑨I prefer to work in a small enterprise, where I can get more chances of promotion. ⑩I’d rather become an important figure within my own small pond. 练习1 Money Outline:
1.有人认为金钱是万能的。
2.有人说金钱是万恶之源（the source of all crimes） 3.我对金钱的看法。 模仿练习2
Choose a Famous University or a Favorite Major Outline:
1.有人认为应该选择重点大学； 2.有人认为应该选择重点专业； 3.我的观点。 模仿练习3
Reading Selectively or Extensively? 针对阅读，人们有不同的看法： 1.有人认为应该精读； 2.有人认为应该泛读； 3.“我”的看法 模仿练习4
The Best Means of Transportation Outline：
1.私家车越来越多，污染问题、交通问题随之产生； 2.人们出行时其实有多中交通方式可以选择；
3.从健康和环保节能出发，我认为最好的交通方式是 4)模板一（驳论）
①Up to now, many people hold it true that某观点 ②They believe进一步说明此观点③However, recent survey/ research shows that 与上述观点相反的论点 ④The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.
⑤Above all, 论据一⑥For example,（支持论据一的事例）⑦Furthermore,论据二及支持论据二的事例 ⑧Most importantly, 论据三
⑨All that has been discussed above points to the fact that重申本文论点 ⑩Therefore,与该观点相符合的做法和态度 (1)议论段：提出观点
①指出普遍存在的某种观点活态度或做法 ②进一步说明此观点
③转折提出与之相反的本论文观点 ④承上启下，引出对观点的论证 (2)议论段：论证观点 ⑤列举论据一
⑥举例说明论据一
⑦列举论据二并加以说明 ⑧列举论据三
(3)总结段：总结观点 ⑨承接上文，重申观点
⑩总结全文，可表达我们应该坚持该观点或采取该观点相符合的做法 模板二（立论）
①People are familiar with/it is widely accepted that某观点②As we know,观点正确性的表现③Therefore,小结观点④There are numerous examples supporting this argument.
⑤ A case in point is 例一 ⑥For another example, 引出说明例二⑦Moreover, 阐述第三个例子
⑧From what has been discussed above, we should understand that重申观点 ⑨But (one thing we have to notice is that)提出个人建议 ⑩Therefore,总结全文 (1)议论段：提出观点
①开门见山，直接提出观点 ②阐述观点正确性的表现 ③小结观点
④承上启下，引出对观点的论证 (2)议论段：论证观点
⑤列举支持论点的具体事例一 ⑥列举支持论点的具体事例二 ⑦列举支持论点的具体事例三 (3)总结段：总结观点
⑧承接上文，重申观点
⑨指出坚持该论点应该注意什么 ⑩总结全文，指出正确的态度或做法 例1 Wealth and Happiness
1.每个人都想获得财富，财富似乎就是幸福，其实不然； 2. 世界上有许多东西是财富换不来的。
①Up to now, many people still hold that wealth can bring happiness. ②They believe that with a great amount of money, they must live a happier life. ③However, recent survey shows that wealth is not necessarily associated with happiness. ④The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.
⑤Above all ,good health plays an important role above wealth in a happy life. ⑥For example, people can buy medicine with money, but cannot buy health. ⑦Furthermore, wealth may encourage those harmful habits which may ruin the wealth owner, such as addition to drugs and gambling. ⑧Most importantly, there is one thing essential to happiness which cannot be bought with wealth---love.
⑨All that has been discussed above shows that wealth is not equal to happiness. ⑩Therefore, we should not be crazy about money and earn it with honest work. 例2 Blood Donation
①In modern society, it is widely accepted that blood donation is good for health. ②As we know, donating blood benefit both society and people. ③Therefore, people should be encouraged to donate blood regularly.
④Many remarkable facts can support this argument. ⑤First of all, according to medical research findings, donating blood can effectively reduce the happening of certain disease. ⑥What’s more, donating blood regularly could reduce the pace of aging. ⑦Besides, donating blood regularly could help people keep good mood.
⑧All mentioned above tell us that blood donation does more than harm to health. ⑨We should hold a positive attitude towards it. ⑩Therefore, it can be concluded that bllod donation should be encouraged under the scientific instruction.
5) 利①For the past years,某事物has been widely accepted by people/has come into people’s daily life. ②No one can deny that 某事物的好处. ③For one thing, 好处一④For another, 好处二
⑤However, just as all coins have two sides, there are also disadvantages about某事物的弊端. ⑥For example 弊端一⑦Moreover, 弊端二 . ⑧Finally,弊端三 ⑨In my opinion, “我”的建议⑩only in this way, can we 总结全文. 弊评述型 (1)议论段：
①开门见山，总述现象 ②分析某事物的有利面 ③举例说明好处一 ④举例说明好处二 ⑤举例说明好处三
(2)说明段：
⑥承上启下，引出对弊端的讨论
⑦举例说明弊端一 ⑧举例说明弊端二
(3)总结段：
⑨“我”的建议（如何趋利避害） ⑩总结全文 例
The Positive and Negative Aspects of Home Computers 1.家用电脑的普及； 2.家用电脑的好处；
3.家用电脑带来的问题。
①Nowadays, computers have come into people’s home as one of common household appliances. ②There is no doubt that like TV, home computers benefit people greatly. ③With the computer, the home becomes a library, a school, an office and an entertainment center. ④All kinds of information can be close at one’s finger tips. ⑤In addition, home computers bring people far away closer to us.
⑥Despite the convenience that home computers bring about, they have disadvantages. ⑦For example, people, especially the youth, may easily get addicted to computer games. ⑧Besides, since nearly everything can be done in front of the computer, we may become more isolated from people around us.
⑨In my opinion, we all should consider how to control home computers, so that they won’t control us. ⑩Only in this way, can we make full use of them, while avoiding of the side effects. 模仿练习1
The Development of Private Cars Outline：
1.私家车普及的好处； 2.私家车带来的问题； 3.“我”的看法 模仿练习3
Reading Selectively or Extensively? 针对阅读，人们有不同的看法： 1.有人认为应该精读； 2.有人认为应该泛读； 3.“我”的看法
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