一、 定义
二、 关系代词的用法 三、 关系副词的用法 四、限制性和非限制性定语从句 五、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
一、定义：在主从复合句中，修饰限定名词、代词或者整个主句的从
句叫做定语从句。定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词，又称为形容词性从句。
分类：限制性定语从句, 非限制定语从句
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
关系词：关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose 在句子中做主语，宾语，表语，定语等
关系副词：when, where, why 在句子中做状语
关系词常有3个作用：1. 引导定语从句 2. 代替先行词 3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分
二、关系代词用法 ① that
that 即可指人又可指物，在从句中可以做主语，宾语和表语，做宾语和表语时可以省略。
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This is the man that helped me yesterday. （主语）
The river that runs though the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure. （主语）
这条流经市中心的河流给我们带来了许多快乐。
The book that we are looking for is on the desk. （宾语） This is no longer the place that it used to be. （表语） 这个地方再也不是以前那个样子了。 He is not the man that/who he was. （表语） 他已经不是从前的那个他了。
② which
which一般指物，在从句中做主语，宾语，作宾语时可以省略（放在介词后除外）
He works in a factory which/that makes TV sets. （主语） 他在一家生产电视机的工厂工作。
The package (which/that) you are carrying is very heavy. （宾语） 你拿的包很重。
③ who, whom
两者都用于指人。who在定语从句中做主语，宾语和表语，whom在从句中做宾语。在现代英语里，who也可以代替whom在从句中做宾语，并且可以省略。（介词后做宾语的关系代词除外）
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He is the man who lives next door. （主语）
I happened to meet the friend whom/who I got to know at a party. （宾语）
我碰巧遇见了那位在宴会上认识的朋友。
He didn’t become a person who his father wanted him to be. （表语） 他没有成为他父亲所期望的那种人。 ④ whose
即可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 He is the man whose car was Rolls-Royce. 法 关系词 that which who whom whose ⑤as
1. 用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和状语，构成the same…as, such…as等结构。
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用修饰物 修饰人 主语 宾语 表语 定语 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ I want to have such a dictionary as he has. （宾语） 我想要一本和他的一样的字典。
I shall do it in the same way as you did. （状语） 我将照你的方法去做。
the same …as 和the same …that的区别： This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
( = This is the same kind of pen as I lost yesterday. ) （ 相似 ） This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.
( = This is the very pen that I lost yesterday. ) （ 同一个 ） He is such a clever child as everyone likes. (定语从句) He is such a clever child that everyone likes him. (状语从句) 2. as引导非限制性定语从句。在从句中做主语，表语或宾语，这个从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前、之中和之后。 The experiment is very important, as indeed it is.
As is known to all, he studies very hard. 众所周知，他学习很用功。 As we all know, China is a developing country. 注意：which 和as的区别是：
（1）as可置主句之前、之中和之后；which指代前面整句话，只能置主句之后。当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或谓语类似是一个复合宾语结构时，一般用which而不用as 。
（2） 在句中，as有“正如”、“就像”之意，而which 没有。常用于as is well-known, as often happens, as may be imagined, as
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we know, as we can see, as we expect 等结构中。
This kind of computer, as is well-known, is out of date. He made the same mistake, which made the teacher very angry.
☆ 定语从句的注意事项：
① 在下面情况，一般宜用that，不用which或who
1、当先行词是指物的不定代词，如：all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, none, nothing等或被不定代词修饰时。
There isn't much that I can do.
He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes. 2、当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
The book is the best that I have read.
This is the biggest laboratory that we have ever built in our
university.
3、当先行词是序数词或其被序数词修饰时。
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It is the third one that I've bought. This is the first place that I've ever visited.
4、当先行词被the only，the same, the very, the last等词修饰时。 Is this the very museum that you visited the other day? This is the only book that I need at present.
She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday. 5、当先行词包含了两个或两个以上，并分别表示人和事物时。 They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
6、当主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句（或先行词是who时）。
Which is the book that he bought yesterday? Who is the girl that is crying？ 8、当主句以there be开头
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.
② 宜用which不用that情况
1、先行词本身就是that，为避免重复 What is that which just flashed over the sky?
2、在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前 I’m looking for a box in which I can put all my books. ③宜用who不用that的情况
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1、先行词是指人的代词，如one，anyone, no one, nobody, anybody, all, none, those等时
Those who have good manners will be respected.
Anyone who wants to swim writes his name on a piece of paper. 2、当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中 The professor is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.
给我们做有关如何学英语讲座的教授快要来了。
The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
找妈妈时迷路的那个小男孩正在嚎啕大哭。
④主谓一致的问题：指关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词一致的问题。
1. 取决于先行词，先行词是单数时，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数时，从句的谓语动词用复数.
Mr Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you. The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you.
2. “one of+名词复数”作主语，从句谓语动词用复数形式；“the ( only, very, right) one of+名词复数”作主语，从句谓语动词用单数形式。
Jeff is one of the students who were awarded.杰夫是当时获奖的学生之一。
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☆ Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.杰夫是唯一一个获奖的学生。
总结：选择关系代词的三步骤 Step one: 首先找出先行词。
The book that/which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.
(the book 是先行词，指物)
Step two：确定先行词在从句中所作的成分。 the book 在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语，因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。 Step three: 确定关系代词的人称和数。 此句中先行词the book是第三人称单数，所以从句当中的谓语动词是第三人称单数。
三、关系副词用法
关系副词在定语从句中做状语，一般不可省略 ① where
指地点，做地点状语，它的先行词通常有place, factory, house, room, city, town, country等，此时常可用on which, in which代替。 This is the city where I have worked for 20 years.（=This is the city in which I have worked for 20 years.）
The country where I grew up is very beautiful.
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② when
指时间，做时间状语，它的先行词通常有time, day, season, year, morning, night, week等,此时常可用in which, on which, at which, to which等结构代替。
I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm. （= I shall never forget the days on which we worked on the farm.） I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO. ③ why
指原因或理由，做原因状语从句，它的先行词通常为reason I don’t know the reason why you are absent from the meeting. ④关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father. This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier. It rained the whole day when/on which he travelled with his family.
四、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句表示一种区别意义，它帮助读者或听者把先行词
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所指的人或物与其他人或物区别开来。没有它，先行词所指的人或物就会模糊不清。非限制性定语从句表示一种附加的意义，它对先行词附带说明。省了它，先行词所指的人或物任然明确清楚。 My uncle is a man who believes in discipline.我叔叔是个十分守纪的人。
My uncle, who believes in discipline, is very strict with his children.我那十分守纪的叔叔对他的孩子很严格。
限制性定语从句 从句和主句不用逗号隔开 非限制性定语从句 从句和主句用逗号隔开 不可缺少的定语，不可删除 对先行词的补充，可删除 先行词定语，“…的…” 主句的并列句 作宾语可省略，可用that，who可不可省，不用that，不代替whom 用who代替whom 从句即可修饰先行从句只修饰先行词 词，也可修饰整个句子
限制性定语从句VS非限制性定语从句 ① 外在形式不同
Do you still remember the girl who taught us English? 你记得教我们
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英语的那个女孩吗？
Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time. 钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
This is the place where he used to live. 这就是他过去居住的地方。 Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友
We walked down the street, where they are having market day. 我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。
② 先行词不同
1. 定语从句，如果先行词指人，则用who, whose引导；先行词指物可用which引导；如果先行词表示时间或地点且在从句中作时间或地点状语时，可用when, where引导。 We’ll graduate in July, when we will be free.
Last Sunday, they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 2. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导
A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people.
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但that不可以引导非限制性定语从句
× He gave me his mother a color TV set for birthday, that pleased her a lot.
关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语可用who代替whom, 但whom在非限制定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替 This is the girl whom I met in the street.
A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress. 一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。
3. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替who, 但在非限制从句中先行词指人不可以用that代替who/whom. ×She has a sister, that is a teacher. √She has a sister, who is a teacher.
③ 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。 This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
五、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是定语从句语法学习的重点。这是一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在着一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词定语时，把介词置于关系代词之
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前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。
The man whom/who/that you should write to is Mr. White. (whom 作to的宾语，to在谓语动词之后) =The man to whom you should write is Mr. Write.
① 当先行词指人时，用“介词+whom”句型，此时不用who或that The person to whom I lent by bike is my friend.
The girl with whom my sister visited the Great Wall has just come back from London.
② 先行词指物时，用“介词+which” 句型，不能用关系代词that直接跟在介词后作宾语。
The house to which he took us was very old.
③“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree. ④“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句有时可以转换成“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。如：The poor man has no house in which he can live.
=The poor man has no house in which to live =The poor man has no house to live in. 那个穷人没房子住。
The beggar has no money with which he can buy food. =The beggar has no money with which to buy food
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=The beggar has no money to buy food with.
❖ 介词的选择和运用 1、
根据介词与先行词的搭配习惯确定介词
Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? Do you still remember the year in which we worked together? 2、根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配习惯确定介词 He lost the book in which kept many telephone numbers. I don’t know the person to whom you talked just now.
3、根据“介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中的作用与含义而确定介词
The plane by which my father went to Shanghai was late. The plane on which my father worked was very large.
❖ 注意事项 1、
含有介词的固定搭配的动词短语一般不拆开使用
look after, look for, take care of 等
This is the watch which/that I am looking for. √ This is the watch for which I am looking for. ×
2、“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
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He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind.
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
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