新编英语语法教程 复
习资料
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
1.主谓一致
主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致,主谓一致包括
语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。 1.1指导原则
(1) 语法一致
语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致 eg.
A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式)
语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.
Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)
语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则. (2) 意义一致和就近原则
意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。 补充解释和例句 见书P22
就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。
常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either…or…,neither… nor …,not only… but also …等. 例句见书P23
英语中,有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语,此时,谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。如:
(1) There is a desk and five chairs in his room. 他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。 There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。 (2) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there. 要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。 Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there? 是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去?
1.2-s结尾的名词作主语
(1) 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 (2) 以-ics结尾的学科名称 (3) 以-s结尾的地理名称 (4) 其他以-s结尾的名词
1.3以集合名词作主语
(1) 通常作复数的集体名词
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见书P27
【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式,且只表示复数意义: Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词
clothing(衣服),poetry(诗歌),baggage / luggage(行李), furniture(家具),machinery(机械),scenery(景色),jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词,表示单数意义,用作主语时,其后谓语动词用单数形式。 (3) 既可做单数也可作复数的集体名词
family(家庭),team(队,队员),class(班,班上的全体学生),crowd(人群),government(政府),crew(乘务员),committee(委员会),audience(听众),public(公众)等集合名词,当它们表示整体意义时,表单数意义,当它们强调个体意义时,表示复数意义。
【注】有时没有特定的语境,用单复数谓语均可以:
The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。 如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上,动词用复数。 (4) a committee of 等+复数名词
见书P27
1.4 以并列结构作主语
(1) 由and和both...and连接的并列主语
【注意】
a) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时,谓语用单数:
Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。 No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。
b) 当and连接两个数相加时,谓语动词可用单数或复数:
Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。
c) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时,谓语通常要用单数:
A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。
(2) 由or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等连接的并列主语
就近原则处理
The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它,老师也读过。 The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。 (3) 主语+as much as等 书P30 (4) 主语+as well as等 书P30
1.5 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语
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(1) 以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 a) 表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语
此时通常将其视为整体,谓语用单数。
eg. Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很长的时间。 Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。 如果看作组成该数量的一个个的个体,谓语用复数。 eg. There are six silver dollars in each of the stockings. b) “分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语
谓语动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。 例句见书P32
【注意】
在现代英语中,有时即使该结构中的名词为复数,其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为整体): Over sixty per cent of families own [owns] a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。 c) 两数相减或相除,动词用单数;两数相加或相乘,动词可以用单数,也可以用复数。
例句见书P32
d) “one in /one out of +复数名词”作主语
在正式语体中,动词用单数;在非正式语体中,动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。 例句见书P32
(2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语
a) 主语是all of…,some of…,none of…,half of…,most of…等表示非确定数量的名词词组,其后的动词
形式依of- 词组的名次类别而定。 例句见书P32 b) 主语是由“lots of,heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of+名词”构成,表示“许许多多”等概念时,随
后动词的单复数形式也依of- 词组的名次类别而定。 c) 主语是由\"a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a panel of+名词\"构成,不管名词类别如何,动词通常用
单数。 d) 主语是由“限定词+a kind/ sort/ type of +名词”构成,随后的动词形式按以下规则:
在a kind/ sort/ type of,this kind/ sort/ type of之后通常加单数或不可数名词,动词用单数。
如果要用复数名词:名词复数+of this kind/ sort/ type
Roses of this kind are very sweet
出现在these kinds of,many/several kinds of 后的名词,既可以是单数或不可数名词。也可以是复数名词,动词用复数。
在非正式语体中,常见“these/those kind of +复数名词”作主语,随后的动词用复数。
e) 主语是由\"many a+名词\"或\"more than one+名词\"构成,其意义虽属多数,但随后的动词仍遵循\"语法
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一致\"原则,用单数。 f)
如果主语由\"an average of/a majority of+复数名词\"构成,而且明确表示多数个体概念,随后的谓语动词用复数;如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念,随后的谓语动词用单数。
1.6 其他方面的主谓一致问题
(1) 名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致
名词性分句作主语时,随后的动词一般使用单数,但有时也会有主谓一致的问题:
由what,who,why,how,whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语,其后的动词通常用单数。 两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语,如果主语表示两件事,动词用复数。
在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中,如果主语补语是复数名词,主语谓语动词可用复数。如果what-分句本身明显表示富士意义,那么主句动词也可用复数。 (2) 以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致
以非限定分句(主要是不定式分句和ing分词分句)作主语,随后动词通常用单数
由and连接的并列非限定分句作主语,如果指两件事,动词用复数;如果指一件事,动词用复数。 (3) 关系分句中的主谓一致
在\"one of+复数名词+who/that/which\"引导的定语从句中,从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the only, the very。如果有,从句的谓语动词用单数,如没有,就用复数形式。 (4) 分裂句中的主谓一致
在强调句中,由that/who引导的从句的动词形式通常依先行词而定。在\"It is I+ who从句\"+的动词现在时在人称和数的形式上应与I保持一致。 (5) 存在句中的主谓一致
在存在句中,要使用就近原则,即谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于离谓语最近的那个名词或词组的单复数形式。
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2.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 (1)名词属格的构成 (加-’s)
2.名词属格
A)单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-’s
如:Milltown's poems,my mother’s arrival, women’s clothes。 B) 以-s 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-', 如:the girls’ dormitory。
C)复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时,在最后一个词的结尾加's 如:my mother-in-law’s death,
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an hour and a half’s talk, somebody else’s opinion
* 以 -s 结尾的普通名词后加 ’s,或者只加 ’。
D)并列名词表示各自的所有关系时,要在各个名词之后加-'s
如Mary’s and Bob’s book。如果仅在第二个名词之后加-‘s(Mary and Bob’s),则指两人共有的书。
E)“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时,-‘s加在同位语名词之后
如:his schoolmate Johnson’s,Basel the bookseller’s,也可以前后都加-'s,如Basel’s,the bookseller’s。
F)以咝音/z/结尾的人名,其属格加-‘s或-’均可 如Dickens’/Dickens’s,Jones’。
但以其他咝音结尾的人名,属格用-’s,如Marx’s,Ross’s等。 (2)结构二: of +名词
1)表示无生命东西的名词所有关系时,用 of +名词 the legs of the table the title of the book
the cover of the book the importance of the plan the window of the house the strength of the envelope
2) 表示有生命的东西的属格,当该名词有较长的定语或者为了表达某种感情色彩时,亦可用of +名词结构:
the classroom of the first-year students the wedding of the Prince of Wales
the death of the king +书p55
Genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of- phrase. e.g.:
the visitor’s arrival an elephant’s trunk men’s shoes
the arrival of the visitor
the trunk of the elephant shoes for men * shoes of men
Collective nouns can also take both forms:
the family’s objection the objection of the family the committee’s task the task of the committee
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Both the genitive and of-phrase can be used with geographical proper nouns and nouns re-ferring to places, institutions, etc.
China’s foreign policy the foreign policy of China Britain’s resistance the resistance of Britain the city’s problems the problems of the city the hospital’s entrance the entrance of the hospital the village’s population the population of the village (3)名词属格的意义Meanings of genitive nouns A) Possessive genitive (所有关系) China’s territory my son’s wife
the Young Pioneer’s red scarf
B) Subjective genitive (主谓关系, 其中的名词大多由动词转化而来) (动作的执行者) the teacher’s praise
the student’s application (= The student applied.) the Party’s call
C) Objective genitive (动宾关系,名词由动词转化而来) (动作的承受者) the younger generation’s education the president’s assassination the war prisoners’ release D) Genitive of origin (来源)
Remin Ribao’s editorials Newton’s law
※ the girl’s story=a story told by the girl E) Descriptive genitive (类别) women’s magazines children’s language a doctor’s degree
F) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc. 表示时间、度量、价值等 ten minutes’ break
two or three minutes’ absence a mile’s distance 50 kilograms’ weight twenty dollars’ value
two pounds’ worth of stamps
(4)名词属格的用法Uses of genitive nouns
a.作限定词和前置修饰语
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(1) 名词 -s 属格主要用于表示人的名词后。 e.g.: the girl’s skirt men’s room
Elizabeth’s hair teachers’ office
(2) 名词 -s 属格也用于表示除人外的高等动物的名词后。 e.g.: the cat’s paw
the snake’s teeth
the dog’s tail ewe’s milk 羊奶
(3) 名词-s属格也用于表示某些无生命的东西之后。 a. 用于由人组成的集体名词后。
e.g.: the class’s monitor the team’s leader
the club’s members the government’s policy the delegate’s visit our Party’s stand
the majority’s view the family’s objection b. 用于表示时间的名词之后。
e.g.: today’s newspaper two days’ leave a month’s holiday a moment’s thought one minute’s talk a day or two’s delay c. 用于表示距离的名词之后。
e.g.: one meter’s length three miles’ drive two centimeters’ width ten cables’ length d. 也用于表示价值、重量等的名词之后。 e.g.: a dollar’s/ shilling’s worth of stamp a ton’s weight
e. 用于表示地理、国家、城市、地域等名称的名词后。 e.g.: Africa’s features China’s future the island’s southern tip Europe’s development the United States’ attitude New York’s population f. 用于表示天体名称的名词后。
e.g.: the earth’s surface the moon’s light the sun’s heat
Jupiter’s (木星) orbit
g. 用于表示工业、科技等名称的名词后。 e.g.: industry’s pollution problem science’s contribution
h. 表示人家、店铺等工作、生活处所的所有格后的名词常省略。 e.g.: I’m going to the barber’s. (barber shop) We visited St. Paul’s. (St. Paul Cathedral)
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i. 一个名词属格所修饰的词,如果前面已经提到,就往往可以省略,避免重复。 e.g.: This is not my computer, but Mr Wang’s. He had views quite different from his father’s. j. 用于某些固定词组中。(P55)
Others idioms:
You had better keep him at an arm’s length. 你最好不要跟他亲近。
Put the vase out of harm's way so the children can't break it. 把那只花瓶放在安全的地方, 以免孩子们打碎了。 For God’s sake, hold your tongue and let me love. 看在上帝的面上, 闭上嘴让我爱你吧。
*for friendship’s sake (为了友情), for mercy’s sake (为了仁慈的缘故), for safety’s sake (为了安全起见), for caution’s sake (为慎重起见), for acquaintance’s sake (看在熟人的面上), for convenience’s sake (为方便起见), forappearance’s sake (为了装门面), for conscience’s sake (为求良心的安宁), etc. ※ k. 与人类活动有特殊关系或拟人化的名词。
e.g.: the game’s history the novel’s structure heaven’s will television’s future
duty’s call the brain’s total solid weight ※ l. 地点名词 (地区、公共场所)。 e.g.: the world’s economic organization the hotel’s entrance the church’s mission
※ m. 飞机、火车、汽车等名词。 e.g.: the train’s heating system the car’s engine
a glider’s performance 2.2 名词属格和of-词组的比较 A) 下列情况只用名词属格:
(a) Descriptive genitive (表示事物类别或属性时) a ship’s carpenter a doctor’s degree the teachers’ book a summer’s day
children’s pictorial = the pictorial for children 儿童读物 the pictorial of children 孩子们的画报 (儿童们的绘画) (b) used in idioms at the death’s door
at one’s finger’s ends / tips at a stone’s throw out of harm’s way
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to one’s heart’s content
(c) 当名词中心词之后带有同位语时(即属格修饰的名词带有同位语) the salesman’s brother, a postman * the brother of the salesman, a postman Lee’s friend, the singer * a friend of Lee’s, the singer B) 只用Of-词组的情况:
(a) 当 of- 词组中的名词后面跟有后置修饰语时:
the name of the girl standing under the tree * the girl’s name standing under the tree the support of the people of the whole world * the people’s support of the whole world
the suggestion of the teachers present at the meeting * the teachers’ suggestion present at the meeting the opinion of the committee appointed a few days ago * the committee’s opinion appointed a few days ago I have read the article of the student who falls in with my views on this problem. * I have read the student’s article who falls in…
名词或名词词组后带有较长的后置修饰语,通常用Of-词组形式. * the man I know’s car
* the lady living next door’s hat
* the children killed in the war’s pictures * the professor to consult’s questions
同样,若名词或名词词组后带有较长的介词词组或介词词组可能会引起歧义,则用Of-词组形式来代替名词属格的形式。
* the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island’s heir * the man with the dog’s food
(b) 当 of- 词组中的介词宾语是以“定冠词 + 分词 / 形容词” 表示的一类人的结构时: the resistance of the oppressed *…the oppressed’s resistance the experience of the old *…the old’s experience
In pre-liberation days, the rulers paid little attention to the welfare of the poor. *…the poor’s welfare
(c) 当 of- 词组用在某些同位结构中时: the City of Rome at the age of twenty
2.3 独立属格和双重属格 (1)独立属格
A genitive noun can sometimes be used indepen-dently, that is, without a following noun. This use of the genitive may be termed as the independent genitive. Independent genitive is used: 1)名词中心词已在上下文中出现过
* Rome’s City * at the 20’s age
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e.g.: My car is faster than John’s. Her memory is like an elephant’s.
The child’s hatred for the enemy is as deep as his father’s. 这种用法相当于名词性物主代词作主语的用法 e.g.: Hers is the prettiest dress. Ours is a great socialist country.
2)被省略的名词中心词表示某人的家或住宅 e.g.: Shall we meet at his brother’s?
I’m going to stay at Johnson’s. See you at Harry’s tomorrow.
3)被省略的名词中心词表示教堂、学校等公共场所 St. Paul’s (Cathedral) (圣保罗大教堂, 位于伦敦)
St. James’s (Palace) (圣詹姆斯宫, 是英国君主的正式王宫) Guy’s (Hospital) (英国伦敦盖氏医院) Queen’s (College) (英国女王学院) 4)被省略的名词中心词表示店铺、公司等
at the butcher’s / tailor’s / grocer’s / barber’s / fruiterer’s / greengrocer’s / photographer’s / baker’s / hairdresser’s dentist’s / druggist’s / stationer’s (文具店)
(2)双重属格
An independent genitive can sometimes be used as prepositional complementation. The prepositional phrase (usu. an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive”. e.g.: a poem of Shelley’s
a painting of my roommate’s a patient of the doctor’s
在双重属格结构中, 用作介词补足成分的属格名词,必须是确定特指的,而且一般指人! *a patient of a doctor’s *an engine of the plane’s
(a)后置属格必须指确定的对象(如专有名词),而且必须指人。 a friend of Jim’s/of my sister’s/of the professor’s 却不可以说: a friend of a professor’s (非特指)
也不可以说: a wheel of the car’s (指物)
(b) 带有双重属格作后置修饰语的名词中心词必须是不确定的人或物,可以受不定冠词或数量词的修饰 (a, two, some, any, few, no, several, a lot of…),不能受定冠词的修饰。如: Some friends of my brother’s have arrived.
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Have you read any plays of Shakespeare’s?
It was no fault of ours that we took the wrong way. 却不可以说: the poem of Shelly’s
也不可以说: the friend of the doctor’s 更不可以说: the friend of a doctor’s ★ 但是可以说: the friend of the doctor
(c) Exceptions to the rule are the cases where the first noun is premodified by a demonstrative or postmodified by a relative clause.
在表达带有感情色彩的意义时, 可以用指示限定词。 this/ these 含褒义, 特别强调, 以引起对方的注意。
that/ those 往往带有否定和轻蔑含义。
eg. this very inspiring speech of the president’s
These remarks of yours are of great value to us. that notorious scheme of the King’s
I shall never meet that daughter of Mrs. Brown’s. ☆ the friend of Bob’s who was here last night 双重属格的意义
(a) 双重属格表示身份, of- 词组侧重说明关系。
He is a friend of my father’s. (我爸爸的一个朋友) He is a friend of my father. (对我爸爸友好/够朋友)
He is my father’s friend. (唯一的一个或刚谈及的那一个) (b) 有些情况下, of- 词组与双重属格的意义大相径庭。 双重属格表示某人做的、干的, 但不是他本人的。 of- 词组表示本人的。
a bone of the dog’s (一根狗啃的骨头) a bone of the dog (一根狗骨)
a painting of Mr. Blake’s (他收藏的一张画像) a painting of Mr. Blake (他本人的一张画像)
(c) 当中心词是opinion, criticism, judgment 等带有动词含义的“观点性名词”时, 双重属格表示的是主谓关系,of- 词组表示的是动宾关系。
a criticism of the students’ (学生们的批评) a criticism of the students (对学生们的批评) an opinion of my brother’s (我哥哥的看法)
an opinion of my brother ((别人)对我哥哥的看法) of-词组
(a) To refer to someone or something that belongs to or is connected with someone, it is usual to use –'s or –s’ , not of , with short noun phrases : Dad’s car (NOT the car of Dad)
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a child’s bike (NOT the bike of a child)
my sister’s boyfriend (NOT the boyfriend of my sister) the miners’ strike (NOT the strike of the miners)
(b) When referring to one of several people or things belonging to or connected with someone, or when using 'this’ or 'that', use of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs :
a friend of mine (NOT a friend of me) that car of yours (NOT that car of you)
To talk about the person who sang, wrote, or painted a particular work, use by , not of : a song by Mariah Carey (NOT of Mariah Carey)
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英语的限定词包括:
3. 限定词
1、冠词(article) 定冠词(DEFINITE ARTICLE),不定冠词(INDEFINITE ARTICLE),零冠词(ZERO ARTICLE)
2、形容词性的物主代词限定词(POSSESSⅣE PRONOUN DETERMINER),my, your, his, her, our, your, their, its.
名词(GENITⅣE NOUN),John's, my friend's.
指示限定词(DEMONSTRATⅣE DETERMINER),this, that, these, those, such. 关系限定词(RELATⅣE DETERMINER),whose, which.
疑问限定词(INTERROGATⅣE DETERMINER),what, which, whose.
不定限定词(INDEFINITE DETERMINER),
no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a) few,(a) little, other, another.
3、数词(numeral) 基数词(CARDINAL NUMERAL) 和序数词(ORDINAL NUMERAL)
倍数词(MULTIPLICATⅣE NUMERAL) 和分数词(FRACTIONAL NUMERAL)
4、量词(QUANTIFIER) a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a large amount of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great number of, a good number of等。
3.1 限定词与三类名词搭配关系 书p60~62
3.2 限定词与限定词的搭配关系
(1)三类限定词
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按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系,限定词可分为前位限定词 (pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限定词(post-determiner)。
限定词的相互搭配关系为:前位+中位+后位
在这三类限定词中,前位限定词与前位限定词以及中位限定词与中位限定词是相互排斥的,后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。
中位限定词包括:冠词:a(n),the ;指示代词:this, that, these, those ;形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, etc. ;名词属格:Jim’s, my mother’s ;不定代词:some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc. ;连接代词what(ever),which(ever),whose, etc.
前位限定词包括:all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc.; one-third, two-fifths, etc.; what, such,(a / an)等。
后位限定词包括:one, two, three, etc.; first, second, third, etc.; next, last, other, another, etc.; many, much,(a) few,(a) little, fewer,(the) fewest, less,(the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。
(2)三类限定词搭配关系 书p65~66
3.3 限定词的用法比较
(1)many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
表示\"多\"的意思,可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑问句,而a lot of等则常用于肯定句。
I haven't seen many English films. 多数英文电影我没看过。many修饰可数名词 I haven't done much work today. 我还没有做多少活呢。much修饰不可数名词
many / much常用于否定句和疑问句并不是绝对的,尤其是在下列场合many / much也常用于肯定句:
a) 用于whether / if引导的宾语分句中。
I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我怀疑在这个雨天里会有很多人看表演。
b) 用于由\"how / too / so / as+ many / much (+中心词)\" 构成的名词词组中。
He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身边带着太多的箱子,不得不叫计程车。 c) 用于在句首作主语以及在\"存在句\"中作实义主语的名词词组中。 Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 许多人喜欢去国外度假。 (2) (a) few,(a)little
表示\"少\"的意思,可用(a) few,(a) little,既可用作限定词,也可用作不定代词。a few,a little表示\"少量\",带有肯定意义。
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Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的课题上有少量的书。
few / little 若不与a 连用则表示-否-定-意义,相当于not many / much,not enough。 I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。
little 的比较级和最高级是less 和least,通常只能用与不可数名词搭配,但在当代英语中也有用less与复数搭配的。
If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房顶仅是少量洞。 (3)some, any
要表示\"一些\"的意思,可用some,any。some 是肯定词(ASSERTⅣE WORD〕,常用于肯定句;any是非肯定词(NONASSERTⅣE WORD〕,常用于否定句或疑问句。
I seldom get any sleep these days.
any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定含义的句子中: I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零钱。
当some与单数可数名词搭配时,some相当于a certain(\"某一\"〕的含义;而any与单数可数名词搭配,则相当于 eery(\"任何一个\"〕的含义
Any child could answer that question. 任何一个孩子都可以回答这个问题。 4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any
这一类词,除every只能作限定词外,都是既可作限定词,也可作不定代词。 any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys,
a) 表示\"全体\",可用all 和both,但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的\"全体\",而both则表示两个人或物的\"全体\"。
All the four applicants are below the average. 所有这四位申请者都在平均数以下。 如果要表示\"全体都不\"的意思,当\"全体\"为三个或更多的人或物时,通常用none。 None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试失败。 如果要表示两个人或物\"都不\",通常要用neither:
Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 两辆车没有一辆产自日本。 b) 表示全体中的\"每个\",如果这个\"全体\"包含三个或更多的人或物,通常用every。
Every student in the class took part in the performance. 这个班的每个学生都是这个表演的一部分。 如果这个\"全体\"包含两个或两个以上的人或物,便可以用each
Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 广场的边上挤满了人。
every 与each 的区别还在于every 指许多人或物中的\"每个\",侧重在全体,近乎all的含义: Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的学生都考试失败。 c) 表示全体中的\"任何一个\",也要看这个\"全体\"是包含三个或更多,还是只包含两个。当\"全体\"包含
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三个或三个以上,要表示其中任何一个须用any。
Any (= Every) child would know that. 每个孩子都知道这个。 当\"全体\"只包含两个时,要表示其中任何一个须用either。
We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我们有两份考贝剩下,为文件保持其中的一份。 但在on either side,on either end等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。 There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的两头都有楼梯。
3.4 冠词的类指和特指
冠词的表意功能可以归纳为二种,即类指(GENERIC REFERENCE)和特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE)。冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)(定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。);另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)(不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是\"一个\"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。); 零冠词zero Article)。
1〕类指
类指是表示类别,也就是泛指一类人或物。不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能。比如定冠词与单数可数名词搭配,往往可起类指的作用,常用于正式语体。
Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope.伽利略声称他发明了望远镜。 定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用,表示类别或抽象概念,也是一种类指用法。 The rich get richer,and the poor get children. 有钱的更有钱,穷人得了孩子。 用不定冠词与单数可数名词搭配也可表示类别 An ox is a useful animal. 公牛是一个有用的动物。
用零冠词与复数可数名词或不可数名词搭配,同样可以表示一类的人或物 Unity is strength.团结就是力量。
2〕特指
特指不同于类指,它不是泛指一类人或物,而是特指一类人或物中的具体对象。这里有两种情况:一种是非常明确地指出何人或何物,这叫做\"确定特指\"(DEFINETE SPECIFIC REFERENCE)
He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。指上文提到过的人或事。
« 4. 动词和动词词组
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4.1 动词分类 (1)主动词&助动词
英语动词按其在构成动词词组中所起作用分为主动词和助动词。
主动词构成动词词组的语义核心,它表示动词词组的基本意义,因此,主动词又叫实意动词。 助动词分为三大类:基本助动词、情态助动词、半助动词。 1)基本助动词
基本助动词只有三个:be, do, have, 它们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。 2)情态助动词
1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better后接原形不定词。
2.情态助动词不受主语的人称和数的限制。 3.两个情态助动词不能连用。 3)半助动词
在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动词。常见的半助动词有be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to等。
(2)及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词 p110 1)及物动词
及物动词的特征就是要求有宾语。所谓及物就是主体把动作传达到客体上,物是泛指,既可是物也可是人。只有及物动词可以使用被动语态。
及物动词分三类:单宾语及物动词、双宾语及物动词和复合宾语及物动词。 Finally he discovered the truth.(单宾语)
Don’t forget to buy me a box of biscuits.(双宾语)
She had cut her hair very short.(复合宾语)
2)不及物动词
不及物动词的特征就是不能使用宾语。 Many other struggles followed.
In 1789 his big chance for a major expedition came. 3)连系动词
1. 连系动词是一种表谓语关系的动词,它必须后接表语。Be是最基本的连系动词。 My name is David.
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After all, the ball is very important. They are of great help to learners of English.
2. 表示感觉和知觉的动词也是连系动词。 He looks a nice, reliable man. What are you cooking? It smells delicious. ★ 常用的连系动词有:
appear become come fall get go grow keep make prove remain seem turn
(3)动态动词&静态动词
动词按其词汇意义可分为动态动词(Dynamic Verb)和静态动词(Static Verb)。 1) 动态动词
动态动词大体分为三类:
a) 表示持续动作的动词:drink,eat,read,write,walk,run,play,talk,fly,watch 等。 b) 表示短暂动作的动词: leave,go,come,see,arise,break,open, meet,close,join,jump,admit,discover等 。
c) 表示位移或状态改变的动词: become,turn,grow,change,come, go等。
2) 静态动词 p111
静态动词表示存在于现在或过去的一种状态,是一种相对静止的动词,常用于非进行体,也可归纳为三类:
a) 表示各种关系的动词:如contain,belong,consist of,have,concern,owe,involve,resemble,differ, exist,hold,cost,fit,lack,matter,compare,deserve,measure,weigh等。
b) 表示感觉感知的动词:如 feel,see,taste,smell,hear等。
c) 表示心理状态的动词:如 think,believe,know,consider,hope,want,mean,forget,remember,expect, understand,leave,hate,regret,envy,admire,suppose,fear,care等。
(4)单词动词&词组分词 p113~115 (5)限定动词&非限定动词 p116
限定动词和非限定动词从是否被主语所限定来分,动词有限定动词(finite verb)和非限定动词(non-finite verb)两大类。
限定动词形式:现在时、过去式
非限定动词形式:不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词
1)限定动词 限定动词用作句子的谓语动词,并被主语所限定,有人称和数的变化。如:
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He is a tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。
Facts are more eloquent than words.事实胜于雄辩。 We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。
An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使苹果落地。
2)非限定动词 非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句子里都不能单独作谓语动词,故不被主语所限定,没有人称和数的变化。如:
I am pleased to meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式) Smoking is harmful to the health.吸烟对身体有害。(动名词)
I heard them singing the Internationale。我听见他们唱《国际歌》。(分词)
Spoken words are often more powerful than writing.语言往往比文字更有力。(分词) 不定式 时态语态 一般式 完成式 主动 to do to have done 被动 to be done to have been done (1)Jean aims to go tomorrow.h (2) I was delighted to meet him. (3) The clothes are easy to wash 动名词/分词 时态语态 一般式 完成式 主动 doing having done 被动 being done having been done (1)Reading is an art. (2)Swimming is a good sport in summer. 现在分词
(1)I saw the dog digging holes in the yard.
(2)Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai. (3)He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself. (4)If traveling north, you must change at Leeds. 过去分词
(1)developed country; fallen leaves; lost child
(2) Half of the guests invited to the party were foreigners. (3)She can’t make herself understood in English. 非限定动词的双重性:
(1)非谓语动词具有动词的特性,可以带有自己的宾语、状语构成不定式短语、动词-ing短语,其短语可以有语态、时态的变化。例如:
Seeing his mother, the baby laughed. 看见妈妈,婴孩笑了。(动词-ing短语作状语)
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Does he like reading English? 他喜欢读英语吗( 动词-ing短语作宾语)
We ran over to welcome the delegates. 我们跑过去欢迎代表们。(不定式短语作状语) I am sorry to have disturbed you.
对不起,我打扰你了。(to have disturbed是to disturb的完成式,说明非谓语动词有时态变化,表示不定式的动作先于谓语动词的行为)
There is no time to be lost. 没有时间好去浪费。(to be lost是to lost的被动式,说明非谓语动词有语态上的变化,表示不定式与所修饰的词是被动关系)
(2)非谓语动词有非动词的特性,可以相当于名词、形容词、副词,它们在句子里可以作这些词类所能表示的句子成分。例如:
Smoking is a bad habit.吸烟是个坏习惯(动词-ing作主语)
How lovely the sleeping baby is!这熟睡的婴儿多可爱啊!(动词-ing作定语) Stop talking. Class begins!别说话,上课!(动词-ing作宾语) He came, laughing.他笑着过来了(动词-ing作状语)
(6)规则动词&不规则动词
规则动词:动词过去式和-ed 分词都在动词原形之后加-ed 构成。 不规则动词:动词不以词尾加-ed 的方式构成过去式和-ed 分词。
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5.1 一般现在时 p125~127
5. 动词的时和体
(1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态 (2) 表示客观事实或普遍真理
(3) 在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来时间 (4) 表示现时状态和现在瞬间动作 (5) 表示过去时间
5.2 一般过去时
(1) 表示过去时间:在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态。 也可表示过去的习惯动作。 (2) 表示现在时间和将来时间 1) 表示婉转口气
2) 在It’s time …,I wish …,I’d rather…等结构后面的that-分句中,以及在某些条件句中,表
示主观设想。
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5.3 现在进行体
(1) 表示现在正在进行的动作 (2) 表示现阶段正在进行或从事的动作 (3) 表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作 (4) 其他用法
a) 表示刚刚过去的动作 b) 表示婉转口气
5.4 过去进行体
表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为 主语+was /were + V-ing。 (1) 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作 (2) 表示过去某种习惯动作 (3) 表示过去将来时间里的动作 (4) 表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作
1) 表示婉转口气 2) 表示主观臆想的情况 (5) 过去进行体与一般过去时用法比较
a) 表示已完成的动作用一般过去时,表示未完成的动作用过去进行体。
b) 一般过去时通常只说明过去某时发生某事,过去进行体则侧重在动作的持续时间,而不是
说明事实。 c) 当一般过去时与过去进行体同时出现在句中时,通常是表示较短的动作用一般过去时,表
示较长时间的动作用过去进行体。 d) 在口语中,说话人表示所谈内容是随便的呃,非故意的,或者无一定目的性,通常用过去
进行体。 e) 注意一般过去时和过去进行体表示的动作的时间顺序。
* 1、一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成,而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。(延续性动词)
例:She wrote a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚给朋友写了封信。(信写完了) She was writing a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。(信不一定写完)
2、一般过去时表示只做一次动作,而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。(短暂性动词)
例:She waved to me. 她朝我挥了挥手。
3、句中有a moment ago之类的短语一般用一般过去时。
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4、句中有at this time last Sunday, from 8 to 9 yesterday 之类的状语一般用过去进行时。过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时,表示更为偶然而非预定的动作: 例:I was talking to Tom the other day. 那天我跟汤姆聊天来着。
5.5 现在完成体和现在完成进行体的用法
(1) 现在完成体的用法
现在完成体(由have / has + -ed分词构成)有两个主要用法,即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。
“已完成”用法是指动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间(常指最近的过去时间),现在已经完成了,并与现在的情况有联系。例如:
He has turned off the light. (含义是:灯在一个过去时间被关掉,说话时仍然关着。)
“未完成”用法是指动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束。例如:
He has lived here since 1960. (含义是:他从1960年来到这里居住,至今还住在这里,偶尔也可根据上下文理解为刚刚搬走。)
区别在于:“已完成”用法通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用,而“未完成”用法通常要与表示一段时间的状语连用。
*通常使用现在完成时的几种情况: 1、表示过去发生的事对现在仍有影响。
The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.(Justin在过去失踪,但Kelly至今仍旧为他的失踪感到不高兴)
2、表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在。
I haven’t seen Justin since last Friday night.(从上周五晚上到现在一直都没有见到过 3、表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。
The boy has already come home.(男孩已经回家,但没有指出何时回家) 4、表示刚结束的动作。
The police have just finished searching the area.(警方刚结束对该地区的搜查) 5、表示反复发生的动作。
Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.(村民们曾多次看到UFO) (2) 现在完成进行体的用法
现在完成体由have / has been + -ing分词构成。它的主要用法与现在完成体的“未完成”用法相仿。例如:
I have been writing letters for an hour (and I have still got some more to do).说明动作还将继续下去。
I have been sitting in the garden (and have just come indoors.) 刚来到室内 说明动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束。
现在完成体和现在完成进行体有时可以互换使用,含义没有太大差别。例
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如: We have lived here for ten years.
We have been living here for ten years.
但是,由于现在完成进行体还带有进行体的持续性、暂时性和未完成的含义,有时就不可以与现在完成体互换使用。比较:
Who has been eating my dinner? 含义是“还有些剩下”。 Who has eaten my dinner? 表示“全给吃光了”
(3) 现在完成(进行)体与过去时用法比较
如果与现在时间没有联系,那就要用一般过去时或过去进行体。
如果用了与现在时间没有联系的确定的时间状语,也要用一般过去时或过去进行体。
5.6 过去完成体和过去完成进行体的用法
(1) 过去完成体的用法
过去完成体由“had +-ed分词”构成。有两个主要用法,即“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。 “已完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束。
“未完成”用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,仍有继续下去的可能性。 (2) 过去完成进行体的用法
过去完成进行体由had been +ing分词构成。主要用法与现在完成进行体相仿,只是时间推移到过去。
有时过去完成体和过去完成进行体可以交替使用。 口语中倾向与用过去完成进行体。
(3) 在由when /before /after /until 等连词引导的分句中过去完成体的用法 (4) 过去完成体的想象性用法
1) 用于由if,if only,as if 引导的分句中
2) 用于I wish,I’d rather等结构后面的that-分句中
3) 用于except,think,intend,mean(=intend),want,suppose等动词表示过去未曾实现的
希望、打算或意图
5.7 关于完成体用法的补充说明
(1) 完成体与since-分句
(2) 完成体与have got/ have got to
(3) 完成体在“It is the first time +that-分句”中的使用
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«
6.1 表示将来时间的多种结构
6.将来时间表示法
表示将来时间可借助于情态助动词(modal auxiliary),半助动词(semi-auxiliary),一般现在时(simple present),和现在进行体(present progressive)实现
(1) will/shall+不定式
1) 表示“预见”(prediction)
You’ll fail the test if you do not work hard.
2) 含有“ 意愿”(willingness)或“意图”(intention)
I will do it ,if you like . 3) 疑问句中will/shall还可用来征询说话人的意图。
When shall we see you next? (2) will/shall+不定式进行体/完成体
1)
表纯粹将来,不带情态意义,有“自然要发生”的含义。
The train will be arriving at 6 o’clock.
2)
表将来某一时刻或时段里正在进行的动作。
What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning
3)
表将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作用will/shall +不定式完成体。
I’ll have finished my work by five this afternoon.
4)
表示一个已经开始的动作到将来某一时间仍在进行用will/shall+不定式完成进行体。
By the end of the next month I shall have been working here for 20 years .
5) 有时候“will+不定式进行体/不定式完成体/不定式完成进行体”在一定语境中可能不表示将来,而是表说话人的揣测。
It is six o’clock. He won’t be working now.
They will have been having a holiday yesterday.
(3) Be going to +不定式
1.表示“意图”即打算在将来做某事,句子主语通常是意图的体现者,但有时不是。 How long is he going to stay here?
The wall is going to be painted green. (we or somebody else intend to paint the wall green.) 2.表示“预见”,即现在起已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生的情况。 Look at these black clouds _there is going to be a storm. *“Be going to ”与“will+不定式”的区别:
两者表示意图的用法有时可以互换。
I won’t tell him about it.(=I am not going to tell him about it.)
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Be going to 表示的意图通常是事先经过考虑的。而will +不定式则是说话时临时想到的。 {-Why are you taking down all the pictures?
-I am going to repaper the room.(在这里不用will + repaper)
(4) be+ - ing(现在进行体)
该结构是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,此处的“安排”是指“肯定的安排”,即说话之前已经决定了的。常用于表示位置移动的动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive;
We are leaving on Friday. The plain is taking off at 5:20.
We’re moving to a different hotel tomorrow. 这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语,如果不带时间状语,则根据上下文也可表示最近即将发生的动作。
A : Where are you going
B: I am going for a walk .Are you coming with me?
A: Yes, I’m just coming. Wait for me.
除表示位置移动的动词外,还有很多动态动词都可用现在进行体表示将来 Dinner is ready. We are having fish for dinner. He is writing to you tomorrow.
Today I am showing the Hunts round Shanghai. I’m spending my holidays in Switzerland this year. *“be + -ing”和“be going to +不定式”的区别:
都可表示现在已经决定将做某事,在某些语境中可交替使用。 She is getting /is going to get married this spring. 但若主动词为come/go ,用现在进行体更常见。 We are going to a concert tonight.
现在进行体还可带有其它情态意义。
I am not sitting on that hard seat(=I won’t sit on that hard seat).
(5) Be to +不定式
1.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作。 There is to be a investigation.
常见于报纸和广播,用来宣布官方的计划和决定。 The prime minister is to speak on television tonight. 2.表示命令、禁止或可能性等。 Tell her she is not to be late again.
两者都可表示按计划、安排即将发生某事,可交替使用,但“be to +不定式” 常用于正式语体。
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(6) 一般现在时
条件状语和时间状语从句中常用一般现在时表将来。 If she comes ,I will tell her about it. Wait here till the meeting is over.
在主句中用一般现在时表将来通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来时态。 She retires next month. Tomorrow is Saturday.
*一般现在时与现在进行时的区别:
表将来时间都常与表示位置移动的动词连用,而且都有按计划安排的含义。 但一般现在时所暗示的计划更客观,更具有不可变异性,而且在口气上也更为正式。
6.2 过去将来时间表示法 (1) would+不定式
1) would+不定式表示过去将来时间通常带有表示过去将来的时间状语,而且多见于从属分句 He said he would come back the next day.
2) 如果要表示在过去将来某一时间正在进行的动作,可用“would+不定式进行体” He never imagined that some day he would be living away from his motherland.
3) 如果要表示在过去将来某时以前已发生的事态,可用“would+不定式完成体”。 He said he would have finished his thesis by the end of next month.
4) 如果要表示从过去开始一直延续到过去将来某时的动作或事态,可用“would+不定式完成
体”。
She said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years. (2) was /were going to +不定式
1) 表示过去将来,也通常带有表示过去将来时间的状语 2) 表示的动作或事态,也可以是没有实现的意图 (3) was/were to+不定式
1) 2)
表示过去将来,通常指过去的计划、安排在某个过去将来发生的事态 表示过去没有实现(或被取消)的计划
They were to have left at 7 last night. 他们本来计划昨晚7点离开的。 表示以后不可避免要发生的事件
3)
(4) 过去进行体和一般过去时
过去进行体表示过去将来通常按过去的计划、安排即将在某一过去时间发生的事态 一般过去时表示过去将来通常用于某些条件状语和时间状语分句 (5) was/were about + 动词不定式
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通常指最近的过去将来事态 在一定语境中常指未实现的意图
« 7.被动态
7.1 主动句和被动句
(1) 主动句变被动句的转换规则
大多数的SVO,SVoO, SVOC结构的主动句都可转换为相应的被动句,其转换规则如下: a.当主动句为SVO结构时,将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语并将随后的主动态动词词组变为被动态词组,原来的主语可放在随后的by-词组中,如不需突出动作的执行者,也可不要by-词组。
They punished the criminal.→The criminal was punished.
All the six senators singed the bill (法案).→The bill was signed by all the six senators.
b.如果主动句带有情态助动词或半助动词,在变为被动句时,情态助动词货半助动词保持不变,随后的不定式由主动态变为被动态。
They should do the work at once.→The work should be done at once. They must have finished their work.→Their work must have been finished. He is likely to let you down(使你失望).→You are likely to be let down.
Beginners are apt to make such mistakes.→Such mistakes are apt to be made by beginners.
c.如果主动句是SVoO结构,变为被动句时可有两种形式 :一种是以间接宾语做主语;另一种是以直接宾语做主语。
Father gave me a watch.→①I was given a watch. ②A watch was given to me.
They offered him some assistance.→①He was offered some assistance. ②Some assistance was offered to him.
以上第二种形式,除非为了表意义上需要,远不如第一种形式普通。
d.如果主动句是SVOC结构,变为被动句时,将原来的宾语变为主语,动词主动态变为被动态,原来的宾语补语变为主语补语。
We have painted the windows white.→The windows have been painted white. They elected Tom monitor of the class.→Tom was elected monitor of the class.
e.当施动者为谁不太清楚,不甚重要或不愿说出时,通常不用by-词组。但有时为了强调施动者,则须用by-词组。
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Susan was cheated by David.
有时为了避免中途变更主语,不得不用被动句而把施动者置于by-词组中 He arrived at London where he was met by his friend.
在这里,如果不用被动句而说where his friend met him,便是中途变更主语,为修辞要求所不取,在表意上也不够给力。有时主语太长,不得不用被动句而将施动者置于by-词组中。
The picture was painted by a very good friend of mine whom I’d like you to meet sometime.
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(2) 主动句和被动句相互转换的限制性
当主动句的宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,这种主动句也不可以变为被动句,因为反身代词和相互代词通常不可以做主语。
He hurt himself when he fell from the ladder. We should help each other.
有些句子貌似SVO结构,其实不是,从而也不能变为被动句。 The medicine soon took effect. The plant will soon take root.
在这里,take effect(生效)和take root(生根)都是词组动词,相当于一个不及物动词,当然没有被动态。
有些句子貌似是被动句,其实不是,当然也没有相应的主动句。这类句子实际上是一种完成体结构。
He is gone.=He has gone.
The moon is risen now.=The moon has risen now. They are finished.=They have finished.
但这只适用于少数几个动词。
当然也有少数动词通常只以被动态出现,而不用主动态。
She was born in Shanghai.
She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe.
*因为born和reputed通常不以主动态出现,所以在有些英语词典中已被划归形容词 7.2 词组动词的被动态 (1) 一般词组动词的被动态
词组动词有三种基本形式,当他们用作及物动词时都可以变为被动态。这时,词组动词应视为一个单词及物动词,其后的介词或副词小品词不可省略。
a)动词+介词,如look after,look into,talk about: The children are well looked after. This matter is being looked into.
Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting.
b)动词+副词小品词,如set up,put off,bring about: When was the hospital set up
The sports meet is to be put off.
A new outburst of revolutionary enthusiasm will soon be brought about. c).动词+副词小品词+介词,do away with,face up to,put up with: That sort of thing should be done away with.
There’s no running away from the facts; they just have to be faced up to. Such a state of things cannot be put up with.
(2) “动词+名词+介词”的被动态
除上述三种动词词组外,还有一种由“动词+名词+介词”构成的词组动词,如take care
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of,make a sense of,pay attention to等。 这类词组动词由主动态转换为被动态时常头两种形式,一种形式是把整个词组动词当做一个及物动词处理。
He took great care of his books. 主 动 宾
His books were taken great care of. 主 动
第二种形式是把词组动词看作“动词+宾语+介词词组”结构处理。 He took great care of his books. 主 动 宾
Great care was taken of his books.
注意:采用第二种形式时要把整个介词词组放到被动态动词的后面去。 They had made a mess of the house.(主动句)
The house had been made a mess of.(被动句,第一种形式 ) A mess had been made of the house.(被动句,第二种形式)
7.3非限定动词的被动态 (1) 不定式的被动态
当不定时的主语是动词的承受者时,这个不定式要用被动态。 [1].I am proud to be thus chosen.
[2].I hope to be nominated(被提名).
[3].It is impossible for lost time to be made up.
[4].To fetch water before breakfast seemed to them a rule never to be broken. 当不定式的逻辑主语就是主句的主语时,这是逻辑主语不需要表示出来,如上述[1][2]。当不定式的逻辑主语不是主句的主语时,这种逻辑主语就必须表示出来,如上述[3][4].
get-型被动态(GET-passive)也可以不定式的形式出现。 It was nasty for Mary to be/to get hurt.
It was good foe Joan’s mother to be/to get looked after so kindly.
在有些场合,即可用不定式主动态,也可用不定式被动态,意义没有区别。 This is too important a matter to leave /to be left until tomorrow. These boxes are not strong enough to use/to be used as a problem. There is so much work to do/to be done.
但有时在there + be结构中,用不定式主动态和不定式被动态含义不同。 There was nothing to see(=There was nothing for one to see).
There was nothing to be seen(=The thing being looked for was not there).
在下列场合,习惯上用不定式的主动态,而不用被动态,尽管不定的逻辑主语是动作的承受着:
This house is to let(招租).
You are not to blame for what happened. (2) -ing分词的被动态
当 –ing 分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受着时,就要用 -ing 分词的被动态。
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The problem being discussed is of vital importance. I object to being kept waiting.
This sentence admits of(容许) being interpreted in two ways.
Several of our customers complain of having been treated very rudely. Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow.
在以上诸句中,-ing分词被动态的逻辑主语(即动作的承受着)同时也就是主句的主语,所以不需表示出来。如果逻辑主语不是主句的主语,就得把-ing分词被动态自己的主语(即动作的承受者)表示出来。
The workers were proud of their products being praised highly by the buying public. What upset the child was his not being allowed to visit his mother in hospital. 当有人称代词作为自己主语的-ing分词被动态再煮剧中作宾语或介词补足成分时,这个人称代词既可用宾格也可用属格。 I insisted on him/his being invited. I don’t mind him/his being invited.
(3) 不定式被动态和ing分词被动态的用法比较
书p168~169
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