一．作家作品连线
1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟 —— The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事)，The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议）The House of Fame(声誉之堂)、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）
2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Sonnet
The Merchant of Venice，Henry IV， Twelfth Night， King Lear，Macbeth Othello,Winter’s Tale,The Tempest
3.Francis Bacon培根—— Of Marriage and Single Life（论婚姻和单身）, Of Studies,Advancement of Learning,New Atlantis,Essays
4.John Donne邓恩 (Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人)—— Song and Sonnets（歌与十四行诗）The Good-Morrow,Break of Day, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）,At the Round Earth’s Imagined Corners,Below,Death ,Be not Proud,Elegies,On His Mistress,To His Mistress Going to Bed
5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost（失乐园）、 Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）,Lycidas(利西达斯），Areopagitica,
6.Daniel Defoe笛福 ——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记）、Captain Singleton(辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana（罗克萨娜）
7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特 —— Gulliver’s Travels（格列佛游记） A Tale of a Tub （一只
桶的故事）,A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）,The Battle of the Books,The Drapier’s Letter,Journal to Stella
8.William Blake布莱克—— Song of Innocence（天真之歌）, Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches（诗的素描）, The Book of Thel（塞尔书）,The Marriage of Heaven and Hell,Visions of the Daughters of Albion,The Song of Los
9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose, Poems、Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,The Tree of Liberty,Scots、Wha Hae，Holy Willies’s
Prayer.The Twa Dogs,My Heart’s in the Highlands,John Anderson,My Jo,
10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,Lyrical Ballads,Line Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey,Ode:Intimations of Immortality,The Solitary Reaper,Lucy Poems,The Prelude,
11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），Biographia Literia （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集),The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,Christabel,
12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁 —— Pride and Prejudice,Sense and Sensibility(Elinor and Marriane),Mansfield Park,Emma,Northanger Abbey,Persuasion,
13.George Gordon Byron 乔治·戈登·拜伦 —— Hours of Idleness,English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,The Giaour,The Bride of Abydos,The Siege of Corinth,Manfred,Cain,Don Juan,She Walks in Beauty
14.Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西·比希·雪莱 —— Queen Mab,The Revolt of Islam,Prometheus
Unbound,The Cenci,Adonais,England in 1819,Ode to the West Wind,A Defence of Poetry
15.John Keats 约翰·济慈 —— Endymion,Isabella,The Eve of Saint Agnes,Hyperion,Ode on a Grecian Urn,Ode to a Nightingale
16.Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特 —— Jane Eyre,Villette,Shirley,The Professor,Poems by Currer,Ellis,and Acton Bell
17.Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯 —— The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,Oliver Twist,Davis Copperfield,Bleak House,A Tale of Two Cities,The Old Curiosity Shop,Dombey and Son,Great Expectations
18.Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗尼德· 丁尼生 —— Poems by Two Brothers,The Princess,In Memoriam A.H.H.,Maud,Enoch Arden,Idylls of the King
19.Robert Browning罗伯特·布朗宁 —— Paracelsus,Strafford,Pippa Passes,Dramatic Lyrics,Dramatic Romances and Lyrics,Men and Women,Dramatic Personae,The Ring and the Book
20.Matthew Arnold马修·阿诺德 —— The Strayed Reveller,Poems,Poems:Second Series,New Poems,Essays in Criticism,Culture and Anarchy,Literature and Dogma
21.Tomas Hardy托马斯·哈代 —— Under the Greenwood Tree,A Pair of Blue Eyes,Far From the Madding Crowd,The Return of the Native,Mayor of the Casterbridge,Tess of the D’Urbervilles,Jude the Obscure,The Dynasts
二、术语解释
1、
Epic（史诗）: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and
reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic.
2、
Humanism(人文主义):In the 15th century, It is a philosophical and ethical stance that
emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively prefers critical thinking and evidence over established doctrine or faith. Thomas More wrote Utopia.
3、
Metaphysical poetry（玄学派）: In the17th century , metaphysical poetry is
characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. John Donne wrote Songs and Sonnets.
4、
Enlightenment（启蒙主义）: In the 18th century, the Enlightenment on the whole, was
an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver’s travels.
5、
Romanticism（浪漫主义）: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy,
music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century. Robert Burns wrote A Red ,Red Rose.
6、
Sonnet（十四行诗）: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic
pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Sonnet 18 is one of important sonnets written by Shakespeare.
7、
Conceit(幻想主义）:A unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile
presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings.
8、
. Critical Realism:It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period
between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.
三、简答
1.就莎士比亚的一部作品做出解析
Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.The play opens with Hamlet’s appearing in a mood of world-weariness caused by his father’s death and by his mother’s hasty marriage with his uncle, and ends up with the death of major characters.
Hamlet is a man free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world rather than for heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man, and a firm belief in man’s power over destiny.
Shakespeare expressed the traditional aspects of themes, such as hesitation, inherited sin and corruption, sons seeking revenge, deception, ambition, madness, loyalty, empty existence.
Hamlet is usually regarded as the summit of his art.
2.鲁滨逊漂流记的人物形象和情节
Plot: It is the story of Robinson Crusoe, an Englishman who is shipwrecked in a lonely island. He lives on this lonely island and becomes self-sufficient. After 23 years he meets with a group of cannibals and rescues one of their prisoners, a young native whom he calls Friday. Crusoe and Friday become close friends, and when they are finally rescued four years later, both return to England.
Characteristics
Robinson Crusoe who desires adventure never gives in the simple life. He is not a traditional hero or epic adventurer. He is always ready to admit unheroic feelings of fear or panic, as when he finds the footprint on the beach. Crusoe prefers to describe himself as an ordinary sensible man never as an exceptional hero.
3.在失乐园指撒旦的形象（The Image of Satan）
(1)Satan in the poem is a rebel who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge. He is by far the most striking character in the poem.
(2)Satan is the real hero of the poem. He is admired and respected by his fellow-angels. He goes through many obstacles and makes revolt against God. Though weaker in force, he remains superior in nobility. He welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy.(spirit of revolution)
(3)Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.
4.培根散文节选段落评价(Characteristics of Bacon’s Essays)
Bacon’s essays are characterized by their conciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness, practicality and versatility.
His essays have been considered as a reformation of popular euphuism(夸饰文体)of his contemporaries. Usually each essay discusses a single subject, for instance, Of Beauty, Of Marriage, Of Riches, Of Studies. Short as they are, these essays show Bacon’s profundity in understanding man and society.
These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, youth and age and many others．They have won popularity for his clearness, brevity (简短) and force of expression．
选择了（论读书）
Of studies in detail discussed the purpose and function of reading, analyzes many different attitudes towards reading and introduces the methods of reading. Bacon in this this essay uses the parallelism. This essay is one of the important article.
Bacon’s essays are characterized by their conciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness, practicality and versatility.
His essays have been considered as a reformation of popular euphuism(夸饰文体)of his contemporaries. Usually each essay discusses a single subject, for instance, Of Beauty, Of Marriage, Of Riches, Of Studies. Short as they are, these essays show Bacon’s profundity in understanding man and society.
5.傲慢与偏见的情节(Pride and Prejudice)
Elizabeth was born to a family of small landowners four sisters, Jane, Mary, Katie and Lydia. They have a little monotonous quiet life along with the two young guys coming up and it is undeniable and eliminate the waves. Bingley is healthy and progressive and rich Darcy is a good friend, became acquainted with the town lure of this home.Elizabeth is both intelligent and strong-minded woman. Although Darcy and Elizabeth from Pride and Prejudice, respectively, while the other left out, unaware of their true mind, but they really attracted to each other. Finally, in Elizabeth's sister after the elopement with Lydia, Darcy save her reputation. They gradually eliminate misunderstanding between them , eventually engaged.
6.Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)
Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
2>with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.
3>Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the“Byronic Hero”
7.格列佛游记的情节
When Lemuel Gulliver sets off from London on a sea voyage, little does he know the many incredible and unbelievable misadventures awaiting him. Shipwrecked at sea and
nearly drowned, he washes ashore upon an exotic island called Lilliput-where the people are only six inches tall! Next he visits a land of incredible giants called Brobdingnagians. They are more than sixty feet tall! He travels to Laputa, a city that floats in the sky, and to Glubbdubdrib, the Island of Sorcerers. His final voyage brings him into contact with the Yahoos-a brutish race of subhumans-and an intelligent and virtuous race of horse, the Houyhnhnms.
四、诗歌赏析
1.《水仙花》The Daffodils赏析
1.Wordsworth made use of the description in his sister's diary,as well as
of his memory of the daffodils in Gowbarrow Park,by Ullswater.Cf.Dorothy
Wordsworth's Journal,April 15,1802:\"I never saw daffodils so beautiful.
They grew among the mossy stones ...; some rested their heads upon these
stones,as on a pillow for weariness; and the rest tossed and reeled and
danced,and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind,that blew upon
them over the lake; they looked so gay,ever glancing,ever changing.\"
2.'They flash upon that inward eye...':Wordsworth said that these were
the two best lines in the poem and that they were composed by his wife.
Biography and Assessment:
Wordsworth was born in the Lake District of northern England[...]The
natural scenery of the English lakes could terrify as well as nurture,as
Wordsworth would later testify in the line \"I grew up fostered alike by
beauty and by fear,\" but its generally benign aspect gave the growing boy
the confidence he articulated in one of his first important poems,\"Lines
Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ...,\" namely,\"that Nature
never did betray the heart that loved her.\"
[...]
Wordsworth moved on in 1787 to St.John's College,Cambridge.Repelled by
the competitive pressures there,he elected to idle his way through the
university,persuaded that he \"was not for that hour,nor for that place.\"
The most important thing he did in his college years was to devote his
summer vacation in 1790 to a long walking tour through revolutionary
France.There he was caught up in the passionate enthusiasm that followed
the fall of the Bastille,and became an ardent republican sympathizer.
[...]
The three or four years that followed his return to England were the
darkest of Wordsworth's life.Unprepared for any profession,rootless,
virtually penniless,bitterly hostile to his own country's opposition to
the French,he knocked about London in the company of radicals like
William Godwin and learned to feel a profound sympathy for the abandoned
mothers,beggars,children,vagrants,and victims of England's wars who
began to march through the sombre poems he began writing at this time.
This dark period ended in 1795,when a friend's legacy made possible
Wordsworth's reunion with his beloved sister Dorothy--the two were never
again to live apart--and their move in 1797 to Alfoxden House,near
Bristol.There Wordsworth became friends with a fellow poet,Samuel Taylor
Coleridge,and they formed a partnership that would change both poets'
lives and alter the course of English poetry.
[...]
Through all these years Wordsworth was assailed by vicious and tireless
critical attacks by contemptuous reviewers; no great poet has ever had to
endure worse.But finally,with the publication of The River Duddon in
1820,the tide began to turn,and by the mid-1830s his reputation had been
established with both critics and the reading public.
Wordsworth's last years were given over partly to \"tinkering\" his poems,
as the family called his compulsive and persistent habit of revising his
earlier poems through edition after edition.The Prelude,for instance,
went through four distinct manuscript versions (1798-99,1805-06,1818-20,
and 1832-39) and was published only after the poet's death in 1850.Most
readers find the earliest versions of The Prelude and other heavily
revised poems to be the best,but flashes of brilliance can appear in
revisions added when the poet was in his seventies.
Wordsworth succeeded his friend Robert Southey as Britain's poet laureate
in 1843 and held that post until his own death in 1850.Thereafter his
influence was felt throughout the rest of the 19th century,though he was
honoured more for his smaller poems,as singled out by the Victorian
critic Matthew Arnold,than for his masterpiece,The Prelude.In the 20th
century his reputation was strengthened both by recognition of his
importance in the Romantic movement and by an appreciation of the darker
elements in his personality and verse.
William Wordsworth was the central figure in the English Romantic
revolution in poetry.His contribution to it was threefold.First,he
formulated in his poems and his essays a new attitude toward nature.This
was more than a matter of introducing nature imagery into his verse; it
amounted to a fresh view of the organic relation between man and the
natural world,and it culminated in metaphors of a wedding between nature
and the human mind,and beyond that,in the sweeping metaphor of nature as
emblematic of the mind of God,a mind that \"feeds upon infinity\" and
\"broods over the dark abyss.\" Second,Wordsworth probed deeply into his
own sensibility as he traced,in his finest poem,The Prelude,the \"growth
of a poet's mind.\" The Prelude was in fact the first long autobiographical
poem.Writing it in a drawn-out process of self-exploration,Wordsworth
worked his way toward a modern psychological understanding of his own
nature,and thus more broadly of human nature.Third,Wordsworth placed
poetry at the centre of human experience; in impassioned rhetoric he
pronounced poetry to be nothing less than \"the first and last of all
knowledge--it is as immortal as the heart of man,\" and he then went on to
create some of the greatest English poetry of his century.It is probably
safe to say that by the late 20th century he stood in critical estimation
where Coleridge and Arnold had originally placed him,next to John
Milton--who stands,of course,next to William Shakespeare.
Some comments:
1.We often go through life as if we were unconscious of what is going on
around us - like clouds.We notice many things some of which are beautiful
and some ordinary.But being distracted - not poets,who would naturally
notice and be gay at the sight - we fail to be lifted by the simple but
awesome beauty that surrounds us.WW was not being a poet at the time and
so he \"little thought what wealth to him the show had wrought.\" He was
forced to try to re-experience it from memory - his inward eye - in order to
fill his heart with the pleasure he missed when he actually saw the daffodils.
To me,the poem serves as a reminder that our happiness is best served if we
live our lives as poets and notice the simple beauty that nature gives us
daily.Where ordinary people see flowers,the poet sees stars,dancers,
happy celebrations of nature's miracles and is pleasured.Live as a
poet!
2.I always thought
of the poem as a simple poem of yellow gay springtime.Having really
looked at the poem something clicked and I have a profound understanding
that I had overlooked -
The word 'DANCE' is in every stanza - Dance the cosmic creative energy
that transforms space into time,is the rhythm of the universe.Round
dancing,was a dance that imitated the sun's course in the heavens and
enclosed a sacred space.The round,yellow,golden cups of the daffodil
can easily symbolize the sun,the sacred sun of incorruptibile wisdom,
superior and noble.
Dancing as the Dance of Siva is the eternal movement of the universe the
'play' of creatio,or the 'fluttering' frenzy emotional chaos of
Dionysian/Bacchic.
The stars,messengers of the gods,the eyes of night,and hope,toss
their 'head,' the seat of both our intelligence and folly,honor and
dishonor.
Lying on a couch in a vacant pensive mood could easily be a way to
discribe a meditative state where the forces of the universe and our
connection with the ceaseless movement,the ebb and flow of life as a
wave dances could be pondered.
That last line \"And dances with the Daffodils.\" could it be the dance of
angels round the throne of God.If this is a poem of the cycle of
existence and the circling of the sun/God of course what wealth and
glee.
3.A poem can stir all of the senses,and the subject matter of a poem can range from being funny to being sad.
2.《羔羊》The Lamb 赏析
Poetic structure
1 rhyme scheme: AA BB CC DD AA AA EF GG FE AA
“The Lamb” has two stanzas, each containing five rhymed couplets.
2 The layout is set up by two stanzas with the refrain: \"Little Lamb who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee?\"
In the first stanza, the speaker wonders who the lamb's creator is; the answer lies at the end of the poem. Here we find a physical description of the lamb, seen as a pure and gentle creature. In the second stanza, the lamb is compared with the infant Jesus, as well as between the lamb and the speaker's soul. In the last two lines the speaker identifies the creator: God.
Rhetorical devices
1 The poem begins with the question, “Little Lamb, who made thee?” The speaker, a child, asks the lamb about its origins: how it came into being, how it acquired its particular manner of feeding, its “clothing” of wool, its “tender voice.”
2 In the next stanza, the speaker attempts a riddling answer to his own question: the
lamb was made by one who “calls himself a Lamb,” one who resembles in his gentleness both the child and the lamb.
Repetition in the first and last couplet of each stanza makes these lines into a refrain, and helps to give the poem its song-like quality. The flowing soft vowel sounds contribute to this effect, and also suggest the bleating of a lamb or the lisping character of a child’s chant.
Theme
1 The lamb is a common metaphor for Jesus Christ, who is also called the \"The Lamb of God\"
2 Blake in the songs of innocence，with childish life's point of view，shows a full of love and kindness, compassion and happy world. The poem has just 20 lines, but depicts the character of gentleness vividly.
3 The poet’s description about the lamb’s kindness and gentleness, aims to express their feeling of life and nature, and the yearning for the universe and harmonious understanding.
4 He not only sings praise of gentle lamb, but also the mystical power that can create the lamb. Here the God, Jesus and the Lamb are just the one thing.
3.《她在美中行》She Walks In Beauty赏析
This poem makes an idealized image of women with rich imagination and aesthetic technique. Her beauty looks like quiet night sky of cloudless climes and stars .That beauty
like glorious brightness flowing in her black hair, if becoming more or less ,and it will damage the perfect image. Her purity and kind add more rich connotation to the form beauty.
The word in the whole poem is beautiful and concise. Rhythm is soft. And the style is natural and lively. The romantic passion in this poem gets harmonious reflection and perfect unification. The poet clearly tell us, what beauty is in the world? The people of simple, inornate,harmonious with nature is beautiful. The heart of flushing pure love is beautiful. And the soul of existing with light is beautiful!
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