Unit 11 Land_ People and History (Ireland) (爱尔兰的人文、地理和历史)

Unit 11 Land, People and History (Ireland) (爱尔兰的人文、地理和历史)

一、本单元重点内容

1. The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别)

2. Unique geographic features of Ireland (爱尔兰独特的地理特征) 3. The natural environment (自然环境) 4. Temperate climate （温带气候）

5. The expansion of tourist industry (旅游业的扩张) 6. Intensive farming (精耕细作) 7. Emigration (移民出境)

8. The Great Famine of 1845—1848 (1845-1848年的“大饥荒”) 9. The Celtic Tiger (凯尔特老虎)

10. The English Colonisation of Ireland (英国人对爱尔兰的殖民统治) 11. A warrior culture and history (尚武文化和历史) 12. Campaigns for Home Rule （自治运动） 13. Irish Independence in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的独立)

二、本单元重、难点辅导

1. The difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (北爱尔兰与爱尔兰共和国的区别)

1) Northern Ireland is a province of the UK, while the Republic of Ireland is an independent nation in its own right. 北爱尔兰是英国的一个省，而爱尔兰共和国是一个独立的国家。 2) The area covering the Republic of Ireland is 5 times of that of Northern Ireland. •爱尔兰共和国的面积是北爱的5倍

3) Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Protestants while the majority of the people in the Republic are Catholics. 大多数北爱尔兰人是新教徒，而大多数爱尔兰共和国的人是天主教徒。

2. Unique geographic features of Ireland (爱尔兰独特的地理特征)

1) Ireland is situated off the northwest coast of Great Britain, and Scotland is across the narrow strait of water（与苏格兰一水之隔）.

2) In terms of geographical elevations, the island of Ireland resembles a tea saucer, with a large central lowland comprised of limestone (从地表上来看，爱尔兰像一个茶盘，中间是大片的石灰石低地).

3. The natural environment (自然环境)

1) Ireland is an intense green, or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter; the grasslands flourish in all seasons. 爱尔兰有着大片大片的绿色草场，而且四季不变。

2) Ireland has a smaller range of native flora and fauna than elsewhere in Europe. 与欧洲其它地方相比，爱尔兰当地的动植物种类较少。 4. Temperate climate（温带气候）

1) Ireland is not very hot during summer, nor is it very cold in winter. 2) Snow and ice are rare. 3) Ireland is almost always damp. 5. Economy

1) The expansion of tourist industry (旅游业的扩张)

① Over-development of many resorts has led to a despoliation of many landscapes. 许多风景区的过度开发使环境受到破坏。

② The expansion of the tourist industry is particularly dangerous for the environment. 旅游业的发展对环境的破坏尤为危险 2) Intensive farming (精耕细作)

New methods of intensive farming have led to pollution of springs and lakes. 3) The Celtic Tiger (凯尔特虎，“虎虎有生气的爱尔兰”经济)

The economy of Ireland has been booming in recent years and thus it has become the “Celtic Tiger.”由于爱尔兰的经济在加入欧盟之后持续高速增长，又由于爱尔兰人的祖先为凯尔特

人，故被称为“凯尔特虎”，正如新加坡、香港、台湾与韩国等国家和地区在经济持续高速增长时期被称为“亚洲小龙” 6. Emigration (移民出境)

Emigration took place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland. The emigrants went to the New World (Canada and America) to seek better economic position. 7. The Great Famine of 1845—1848 (1845-1848年的“大饥荒”)

The Great Famine took place from 1845—1848 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.

1845年至1848年，爱尔兰重要农作物马铃薯连年受灾减产，许多人被饿死，或死于营养不良造成的疾病。许多人离开这里前往新大陆。“大饥荒”是爱尔兰历史上的分水岭事件，不仅是因为有大量的人饿死和大规模的移民， 还因为 英国政府似乎对离它最近的殖民地的穷苦百姓的命运毫不关心。很自然地，这一段时期，爱尔兰人纷纷掀起了民族独立运动和土地改革的运动。

Result: the immediate result of the Great Famine was a decimation of the population(人口锐减), so the Republic of Ireland is a young country with more than half of the people under the age of 25. 大饥荒的直接后果是人口大量减少，因此爱尔兰共和国是一个年轻的国家，半数以上的人在25岁以下。

8. The Celtic and English Colonisation of Ireland (英国人对爱尔兰的殖民统治)

1) Ireland has been invaded by Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans and English. Celtic invaders may have come to Ireland as early as the 6th century BC. Celts were a warrior culture (尚武文化), making swift attacks in horse-drawn chariots (马拉战车). Much like the Homeric warriors in the Iliad, they had their own saga. Celts’ language survived through history and Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland.

•凯尔特人尚武、爱好冒险, 有着许多充满幻想的古老传奇 , 坐着马拉的战车快速对敌人发起进攻. 就象古希腊荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中的勇士一样，他们也有自己的英雄传奇。 •凯尔特人的语言和文化幸存下来了，爱尔兰的第一官方语言是爱尔兰语.

2) English invasion of Ireland: in 1541, Henry VIII declared himself king of Ireland---the first English monarch to do so. 英格兰人入侵爱尔兰：

•1541年，亨利8世宣称自己是爱尔兰的国王，这是英格兰国王中第一个这么做的。 3) Queen Elizabeth I’s army defeated the Irish at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601. For the first time, the entire island was controlled by a strong English central government.

•1601年女王伊丽莎白一世的军队打败了爱尔兰人。整个爱尔兰岛第一次由强大的英格兰中央政府统一管理。

4) In 1782, the Irish parliament was granted independence.

•由于爱尔兰人的不断争取，1782年，爱尔兰议会获得立法自主权。（然而,该议会仅仅代表少数盎格鲁-爱尔兰特权阶层,天主教徒被排斥在外。）

5) After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence. 1798年反抗被镇压后，伦敦政府采取了强硬措施压制爱尔兰的独立运动

6) The Irish parliament was voted out of existence in 1800. 1800年，爱尔兰国会被取缔。（1801年,爱尔兰与大不列颠联合为一体。） 9. Campaigns for Home Rule （自治运动）

A constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up (提出) by Isaac Butt in 1870. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.1870年,艾萨克 · 巴特提出地方自治的口号，于是掀起了一场宪政运动，号召建立在帝国制度内的爱尔兰国会 。自治法案最终于1914年得以通过。

10. Sinn Fein （新芬党）

Arthur Griffith developed a political party in the period of 1905-08 known as Sinn Fein---meaning “we ourselves” in the Irish language. The Sinn Fein policy was that Irish MPs should withdraw from Westminster and establish an independent parliament. Traditionally, Sinn Fein had close links with the Irish Republican brotherhood, a secret society struggling for national independence.亚瑟·格里菲斯于1905一-1908年期间创建的新芬党也想要建立一个独立的议会。

11. The Easter Rising of 1916 (1916年的复活节起义)

It was a rebellion by Irish nationalists against British rule on 24 April 1916 (Easter Monday). The Irish Volunteers, led by Patrick Pearse and the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, staged the uprising. The British crushed the rising within a week and executed its leaders. A wave of nationalist sentiment produced an electoral victory for Sinn Fein in 1918.1916年的复活节起义也是爱尔兰的一次独立运动, 起义也是以失败而告终。 12. Irish Independence in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的独立)

In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State. Six counties in Ulster are known as Northern Ireland. 1921年12月，签订了“盎格鲁-爱尔兰”条约，南方的26个郡获得独立，形成新的爱尔兰自由邦，北方的6个郡被称为北爱，仍是英国的一部分。