国家公共英语(四级)笔试模拟试卷235(题后含答案及解析)

国家公共英语（四级）笔试模拟试卷235 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 2. Use of English 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Writing

Section I Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are THREE parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfe

PART ADirections: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a conversation. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.

听力原文：M: Do you know the GRAMMY Awards?W: Yes. The GRAMMY Awards are the recording industry’s most prestigious award. A GRAMMY is awarded by the Recording Academy’s voting membership to honor excellence in the recording arts and sciences.M: How did the GRAMMY Awards start?W: In 1957, a visionary group of music professionals and label executives in Los Angeles recognized the need to create an organization that would represent the creative people in the recording arts and sciences. They wanted to recognize and celebrate the artistic achievement of not only talented musicians and singers but also important, behind-the-scenes contributors such as producers and engineers. Conceived as a way to create a real recording industry community and address some of these concerns, the Recording Academy was born and the GRAMMY Awards process began. M: What is the process of the GRAMMY Awards? W: It is a complicated process. Briefly, the GRAMMY process can be divided into five stages: 1) entering; (2) screening; (3) nominating; (4) voting; (5) winning. M: Who votes for the GRAMMY Awards? Audiences? Record companies? W: It is Recording Academy’s voting members that can vote for the GRAMMY Awards. M: Who qualifies as a voting member? W: Recording Academy voting members are professionals with creative or technical credits on six commercially released tracks. These may include conductors, songwriters, composers, engineers, producers, instrumentalists, arrangers, art directors, album notes writers, narrators and music video artists, and technicians. M: How many awards categories are there in the GRAMMY Awards? W: The GRAMMY Awards has 28 fields (Pop, Gospel, Classical etc.) and 101 categories within those fields. M: How many audiences do the GRAMMY Awards have? W: The GRAMMY Awards are telecast annually to an international audience of over 2 billion in 180 countries.

1．

正确答案：1957

解析：此篇对话介绍葛莱美奖。本题提问时间，通篇对话只有一个时间，不容易混淆。

2．

正确答案：nominating

解析：本题和第3题同属信息题。难度较大。注意听原文的：“．．．the GRAMMYprocess can be divided into five stage…”之后紧接的内容，就可以很轻松地答对这两道题。

3．

正确答案：winning

解析：分析见第2题。

4．

正确答案：101

解析：是数字题，文中提到在28 fields(领域)中有101奖项，所以必须听清数字前后的名词。

5．

正确答案：Academy

解析：本题是细节题，此内容多次重复，比较容易把握，难度在于单词的拼写和首字母大写上。

PART BDirections: For Questions 6-10, you will hear a passage. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and the questions below.

听力原文：W: Mm, as a matter of fact, I appreciate your help very much. But, I don’t think it desirable. Mm... Do you have other suggestions? I suppose...M: What did you have in mind? Alternatively, now just a moment, there’s another three-day trip going by train. That’s a tiny bit more expensive ....W: Yeah... how much is that one?M: That’s $100.W: I think I’d prefer to go by train.M: Right, now...W: What about the accommodation that goes with that trip?M: Well, that is inclusive. It means it’s a three-star hotel, which is pretty good quality right in the center of town. It is what we call bed and breakfast though. Would that be all right?W: Oh, that would suit me fine, because I’d like to try some of that Scottish food.M: Of course, so when would you like to go because this trip, the train, three days, it’s midweek only ... that would be Tuesday , Wednesday, Thursday ... would that suit you?W: Wonderful!M: All right.

6．

正确答案：train

解析：这是游客和旅行社工作人员之间的对话，文中两次提到坐火车，因此可认定他们的交通工具是火车。

7．

正确答案：$100 解析：此题只要注意问题“How much is that one?”的答案即可，男的说“That’s $100．”。

8．

正确答案：three—star hotel

解析：此题关键要明白前面提到的accommodation指的是住宿。

9．

正确答案：Scottish food

解析：文中女的提到“I’d like to try some of that Scottish food”，由此可得正确答案。

10．

正确答案：Tuesday 解析：旅行社工作人员说旅行一共是三天，说明第一个提到的日子是他们出发日期，因此填Tuesday。注意Tuesday是专有名词，第一个字母要大写。

PART CDirections: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE.

听力原文： There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at

birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.

11． According to the passage, the average I. Q. is______. A．85 B．100 C．110 D．125

正确答案：B

解析：数字计算题。文中提到Mark的智商是125，比平均的高出25，由此可知答案是B。

12． This passage suggests that an individual’s I. Q. ______. A．can be predicted at birth

B．stays the same throughout his life C．can be increased by education D．is determined by his childhood

正确答案：C

解析：推理题。既然智商可以受成长环境影响，说明它不是一成不变的，而影响最大的就是教育了。

13． The best statement of the main idea of the passage is that______. A．human brains differ considerably

B．the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence C．environment is crucial in determining a person’s intelligence

D．persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence

正确答案：C

解析：归纳题。双胞胎的例子就能说明此点。

听力原文：Questions 14—16 are based on the talk about No Tobacco Day. People in all parts of the world are observing “No Tobacco Day.” It is the day when the World Health Organization(WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. The WHO hopes if people stop smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco for one day, they will stop permanently. The day includes special observances and awards

ceremonies in 166 countries. The target group for this year’s “No Tobacco Day” is women. Organizers want to make sure women know the dangers of smoking. Health experts have warned for years that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other problems. The World Health Organization says diseases linked to smoking kill at least 2,500,000 people each year. Still, many people find it difficult to stop smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. The effects of it are similar to the effects of cocaine and heroin. “No Tobacco Day” is aimed at smokers and those who earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes. Two important developments have been observed in recent years. In industrial countries, the number of smokers has been falling about one percent a year. But in developing countries, the number has been rising two percent a year. This is the result of increased efforts by tobacco companies to sell their products in developing countries. The World Health Organization has approved plans to help reach its goal of a ‘ smoke-free’ world. One urges governments to offer tobacco farmers the chances to earn money by growing other crops. Another involves improved public information campaigns about the dangers of smoking.

14． What is the target group for this year’s “No Tobacco Day”? A．Children under 16

B．Men between 20 and 33 years old C．Women

D．Old people with serious diseases

正确答案：C

15． What is. the recent important development observed in developing countries?

A．The number of smokers has been falling about 2 percent a year. B．The number of smokers has been rising 20 percent a year. C．The number of smokers has been rising 2 percent a year. D．The number of smokers has been falling 20 percent a year.

正确答案：C

16． What is the good of the World Health Organization? A．To set a “smoke-free” world

B．To teach the people in developing countries a lesson C．To forbid farmers to grow tobacco

D．To forbid smokers to buy tobacco products

正确答案：A

听力原文：Questions 17 — 20 are based on a conversation between Dr. Francis

and Li Ming about Li Ming’s planned visit to Cambridge. You novo have 20 seconds to read questions 17 — 20. (Pause 00’20”) (Tone)[Knocks on the door.]M:Oh, hello, Li Ming, come in, and how’ve you been keeping recently?W:Quite all right, thanks, Dr Francis. How’s your project going?M:Very smoothly, I should say. I’m playing a consultancy role, really. I’ve only been here a month, but I’m already on very good terms with my colleagues in the Department of Computer Science. Well, I’m happy that you could come. Do sit down, please.W:Dr Francis, do you know I’ve got a chance to go Cambridge in August? I wouder if you could tell me something about Britain.M:Certainly. Well, I was actually brought up in Scotland. Erm, in fact, I’ve never been to Cambridge. But well... yes, I’m sure I can give you some useful tips. Now, what do you want to know, Li Ming?W:Things like weather. What’s the usual temperature there?M:Mmm, the temperature in Scotland is 22, or 23 degrees centigrade, on average, I think. But Cambridge would be warmer, around 25, I would guess, because it’s down south.W:Oh, that’s nice. Do you know it is 34 here? Last year it reached 39. By the way, where do you think I should stay?M:Oh, that’s important, You can,er. .. I suppose, stay in the college-owned flats, which are often near where you have your classes, and some are even on the campus. That would certainly be convenient.W:Yes, it would.M:But it can also be a disadvantage because you are, in a sense, separated from ordinary society. You’re a language teacher, and I think learning from society is a valuable experience.W:Yes, yes, exactly, so what’s the alternative?M:Maybe finding an English host family. I know of a student Ali from the Middle East. She told me that she had learnt a lot by staying with a British family.W:Thank you, I think it’s quite a good suggestion. By the way, Dr. Francis, do you think I could.. . ? [fade out]

17． What is Dr . Francis? ______ A．A teacher of English in Cambridge. B．A specialist in computer science. C．A consultant to a Scottish company. D．A British tourist to China.

正确答案：B

18． What is the approximate temperature in Cambridge in summer? ______ A．22°C . B．23°C . C．25°C . D．34°C .

正确答案：C 19． Where does Dr. Francis suggest Li Ming should stay in Cambridge? ______ A．With an English family. B．In a flat near the college. C．With a language teacher.

D．In a student dormitory.

正确答案：A

20． What is the point Dr. Francis is making when he mentions Ali? ______ A．Some things cannot be learned from books. B．Foreign students are very much alike.

C．Choice of where to live varies from person to person.

D．Convenience is his first consideration in choosing where to live.

正确答案：A

Section II Use of English (15 minutes)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: 21 it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; 22 the workers in government offices who 23 our health, our food, our water, and all 24 things that we can not do for ourselves. By 25 of taxation, we pay for things that we need as 26 as we need somewhere to live and something to eat. In most countries, a direct tax on persons, 27 is called income tax, exists. It is arranged in such a way that the poorest people pay 28 , and the percentage of tax grows greater as the taxpayer’s 29 grows. In England, for example, the tax on the 30 people goes up as high as ninety-five percent! But countries with direct taxation nearly always have 31 taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties”. 32 , it is the men and women who buy the imported things in the shops who really 33 pay the duties, in the 34 of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is a tax 35 things sold in the shops. If the most necessaary things are taxed, a lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer 36 . If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed, 37 is obtained,but the tax is fairer, as the 38 pay it. Probably this last kind of indirect tax, 39 with a direct on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is 40 arrangement.

21．

A．because of B．instead of C．with D．without

正确答案：D

解析：本句意为“没有了它，就不可能付钱给保护我们的士兵和警察。”

22． A．so B．nor C．not D．all

正确答案：B

解析：nor“也不能”，本句意为“也不能支付政府办公室里的工作人员”。

23．

A．look after B．sympathize C．consider D．see

正确答案：A

解析：look after“照料”，本句意为“照顾我们的健康、食物和水的政府工作人员”。sympathize“同情”，consider“考虑”，see“看见”。

24． A．other B．others C．the other D．many

正确答案：A

解析：all other things“所有其他的东西”，固定用法。

25． A．mean B．means C．a means D．the means

正确答案：B

解析：means“途径”，by means of“通过”，固定用法。

26． A．many B．well C．more D．much

正确答案：D

解析：as much as“与……一样多”，本句意为“我们为我们需要的东西付钱，就像我们需要地方居住，需要东西来吃一样”。

27． A．which B．what C．that D．it

正确答案：A

解析：空后的句子是一个非限制性定语从句，用来修饰“a direct tax on persons”，所以应当选which做引导词。

28． A．a lot B．most C．nothing D．more

正确答案：C

解析：从后面一句话“随着纳税人收入的增长，纳税百分比也随之增长”可以推断出，最穷的人支付的应当最少。

29．

A．income B．population C．tax D．amount

正确答案：A

解析：income“收入”。这句话的意思是“随着纳税人收入的增长……”，population“人口”，tax“税”，amount“数额”。

30． A．poor B．working C．rich D．richest

正确答案：D

解析：本句意为“富人的税率增长了95％”。

31． A．no

B．income C．indirect D．direct

正确答案：C

解析：indirect“间接”。本句意为“但是征收直接税的国家一般总是会有间接税。”

32．

A．However B．So

C．Of course D．By chance

正确答案：C

解析：of course“当然”。本句意为“当然，实际上是那些购买商店里的进口商品的人需要支付税款。”so“因此”，however“但是”，by chance“偶然”。

33．

A．have to B．will

C．are willing to D．should

正确答案：A

解析：have to“必须”，will“会”，be willing to“愿意”，should“应当”。

34． A．way B．form C．name D．terms

正确答案：B

解析：in the form of“以……的形式”，本句意为“以更高价格的：形式”。没有in the wayof的搭配，in the name of“以……的名义”，in terms of“在……方面”。

35． A．about B．on C．for D．form

正确答案：B 解析：“对……的税收”，介词用on。

36． A．least B．highly C．less D．most

正确答案：D

解析：本句意为“如果最为必要的东西，会征收很多钱，但是穷人将损失最多”。

37．

A．less money B．more money C．fewer money D．most money

正确答案：A

解析：本句意为“如果对像珠宝和皮衣一类的非必需品征税，得到的钱更少些”。

38． A．people B．poor C．rich D．country

正确答案：C

解析：本句意为“但是纳税会更公平，因为富人会支付”。

39．

A．including B．along C．dealing D．and

正确答案：B

解析：along with“和，与……一起”，including“包括”，dealing with“涉及，与……有关”，and“和”。

40．

A．the best

B．the worst C．good D．better

正确答案：A

解析：本句意为“这是最好的安排”。

Section III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes)

Part BDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Every second in the United States alone, more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food, adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year. Reducing the amount of meat in one’s diet is nutritionally, environmentally, and ethically beneficial. People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians. Meat has been directly linked to diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and many other illnesses. Furthermore, meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases, including cancer, and they are more likely to die from these diseases. Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide e-nough nutrients, especially protein and iron. Actually, according to “A Teen’s Guide to Going Vegetarian”, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables. Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult. A 1988 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier. Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten. In fact, the opposite is true. More than 80% of the corn and 95% of the oats grown in the U. S. are fed to livestock. The world’s cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8. 7 billion people, more than the entire human population. One half of the water used in the Unites States also goes to livestock; 250 gallons of water produces only 1 lb. of beef. If people eat less meat and more plants, the amount of available food will increase. Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical. 90% of these animals are raised in confinement. Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each, and since they are raised so close together, a lot blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death. Likewise, pigs that are repressed will bite each other’s tails, so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born. Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways. Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all. Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals, the health of people, and the health of the world.

41． Why do some people become vegetarians? A．They feel that eating animals is unethical.

B．There are fewer livestock available due to the environmental pollution. C．The consumption of meat will lead to financial problem. D．Being a vegetarian is beneficial to the protection of water.

正确答案：A

解析：细节分辨题。从第四段的第一句可以得出答案。其他选项与文章具体内容不符。

42． Which of the following statements is true according to the book “A Teen’s Guide to Going Vegetarian”?

A．Some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. B．A meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients. C．Protein can be found in almost every food.

D．More than 80% of the corn in the U. S. are fed to livestock.

正确答案：C

解析：细节分辨题。第二段提到人们对吃肉的一些误解，并用书本知识和最新发现来支持论证，所以按照第二段的具体内容可知答案是C。

43． Why does the author say reducing the amount of meat in one’s diet is environmentally beneficial?

A．People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.

B．A lot of food and water are consumed in order to raise livestock. C．90% of animals are raised in confinement.

D．Raising Animals causes most of the destruction of the nature.

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。作者从不同角度说明了少吃肉的好处，第二段是营养上的好处，第三段提到大量的粮食和水用于饲养肉食动物，暗示饲养肉食动物对资源的浪费。第四段提到由于饲养方式的原因，吃肉还引出道德问题。根据第一段和最后一段的意思，吃肉在三方面有害，所以可以确定第三段的内容与环境有关。

44． What is the attitude the author has toward eating meat? A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Indifferent.

D．None of the above.

正确答案：B

解析：判断题。由于每段都提到了吃肉的坏处，说明作者的态度是否定的。

45． Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．The Advantage of Eating Less Meat.

B．Why People Become Vegetarian?

C．Environmental Protection and Meatless Diet. D．Save Chickens, Save Birds.

正确答案：A 解析：主旨大意题。第一段和最后一段互相呼应，中间段落也紧扣文章主题，根据内容可以推断其中心大意就是少吃肉的益处，因此选A。

Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience and convey it to one another. Without a common system of codifying sensations, life would be absurd and all efforts to share meanings would be doomed to failure. This universe of discourse—one of the most precious of all cultural legacies—is transmitted to each generation in part consciously and in part unconsciously. Parents and teachers give explicit instruction in it by praising or criticizing certain ways of dressing, of thinking, of gesturing, of responding to the acts of others. But the most significant aspects of any cultural code may be conveyed implicitly, not by rule or lesson but through modeling behavior. He child is surrounded by others who, through the mere consistency of their actions as males and females, mothers and fathers, salesclerks and policemen, display what is appropriate behavior. Thus the grammar of any culture is sent and received largely unconsciously, making one’s own cultural assumptions and biases difficult to recognize. They seem so obviously right that they require no explanation. In The Open and Closed Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demonstrate the complication of communication between cultures. It is called the “Denny Doodlebyg Problem. “ Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping; he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change direction only after jumping four times in any direction; he can jump North, South, East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly West of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. And he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct. The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior in this culture. If there is difficulty in getting inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebug—where the cultural code has already been broken and handed to us—imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior in societies whose codes have to yet been deciphered. And where even those who obey these codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely describe the underlying sources of their own actions.

46． We acquire the greater part of our cultural codes by______. A．creating a universe of discourse

B．imitating the behavior of others, especially those of the previous generation C．sharing the same experiences with other people

D．taking in the various information we’re given with no discrimination

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。从第一段得知the universe of discourse(即cultural code)是代代相传，从“But the most significant aspects of any cultural code…”一句可知人们可由modelingbehavior获得cultural code，所以选B。

47． What does “the grammar of any culture” refer to in the first paragraph? A．The grammatical rules in the language used by the largest population in a culture.

B．Rules in a culture that can be modeled on by another culture.

C．Any rules that people in a culture receive throughout his life time. D．Rules and codes that shape one’s cultural perspective and behavior.

正确答案：D

解析：句意判断题。从第一段中“thus the grammar of any culture…”得知the grammarof any culture形成了人们的cultural assumptions and biases，而cultural code起到同样的作用。

48． By reading The Open and Closed Mind, we may______. A．find a way of solving the Denny Doodlebug problem

B．realize how little we know about the complexity of human behavior C．bring to light codes of some societies which we didn’t know before

D．be aware of the difficulties of communications between different cultures

正确答案：D 解析：细节题。在提及The Open and Closed Mind一书时，作者说“…but one can readily demonstrate the complications of communication between cultures”，因此答案是D。

49． It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A．in some societies, people’s behaviors are not governed by cultural codes B．there are still societies whose cultural codes still remain a mystery to us

C．once people accept a cultural code, they’ll have a full understanding of their behavior

D．The Open and Closed Mind exerts great impact on people’s behavior

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。最后一段“…imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior insocieties whose codes have not yet been deeiphered”即指仍有这种社会的存在。

50． Which one of the following statements about cultural code is TRUE? A．People in the same society may be governed by different cultural codes.

B．Cultural codes are passed on from one generation to another either in written form or in oral form or in both.

C．Cultural codes in different cultures may differ sharply from one another.

D．The influence of cultural codes on an individual may decrease as he becomes older.

正确答案：C

解析：正误判断题。The Open and Closed Mind…一句中反映的the complications ofcommunication between cultures正说明不同文化中的文化代码不同。

Humour, which ought to give rise to only the most light-hearted and gay feelings, can often stir up vehemence and animosity. Evidently it is dearer to us than we realize. Men will take almost any kind of criticism except the observation that they have no sense of humour. A man will admit to being a coward or a liar or a thief or a poor mechanic or a bad swimmer, but tell him he has a dreadful sense of humour and you might as well have slandered his mother. Even if he is civilized enough to pretend to make light of your statement, he will still secretly believe that he has not only a good sense of humour but is superior to most. He has, in other words, a completely blind spot on the subject. This is all the more surprising when you consider that not one man in ten million can give you any kind of intelligent answer as to what humour is or why he laughs. One day when I was about twelve years old, it occurred to me to wonder about the phenomenon of laughter. At first I thought it is easy enough to see what I laugh at and why I am amused, but why at such times do I open my mouth and exhale in jerking gasps and wrinkle up my eyes and throw back my head and halloo like an animal? Why do I not instead rap four times on the top of my head or whistle or whirl about? That was over twenty years ago and I am still wondering, except that I now no longer even take my first assumption for granted, I no longer clearly understand why I laugh at what amuses me nor why things are amusing. I have illustrious company in my confusion, of course. Many of the great minds of history have brought their power of concentration to bear on the mystery of humour, and, to date, their conclusions are so contradictory and ephemeral that they cannot possibly be classified as scientific. Many definitions of the comic are incomplete and many are simply rewording of things we already know. Aristotle, for example, defined the ridiculous as that which is incongruous but represents neither danger nor pain. But that seems to me to be a most inadequate sort of observation, for of at this minute I insert here the word rutabagas, I have introduced something in congruous, something not funny. Of course, it must be admitted that Aristotle did not claim that every painless in congruity is ridiculous but as soon as we have gone as far as this admission, we begin to see that we have come to grips with a ghost when we think have it pinned, it suddenly appears behind us, mocking us. An all-embracing definition of humour has been attempted by many philosophers, but no definition, no formula had

ever been devised that is entirely satisfactory. Aristotle’s definition has come to be known loosely as the “disappointment” theory, or the “frustrated expectation”, but he also, discussed another theory borrowed in part from Plato which states that the pleasure we derive in laughing is an enjoyment of the misfortune of others, due to a momentary feeling of superiority or gratified vanity in appreciation of the fact that we ourselves are not in the observed predicament.

51． Which of the following can be inferred from the first paragraph? ______ A．People don’t like to be considered as one with no sense of humour. B．People will give you a satisfactory answer to what humour is. C．People would like to be a liar or a coward.

D．People can make light of other’s comment on their sense of humour.

正确答案：A

解析：本题的相关信息在文章第一段。作者讲到：人们可以承认自己有其他方面的缺点，但要说他的幽默感差极了，这跟诋毁他母亲一样令他痛苦。由此可见，本题的正确答案应当为[A]。其他几个选项的意思均与原文内容不符。

52． The purpose of two questions in the second paragraph is to______. A．demonstrate why people are amused B．display what people laugh at

C．bring to light the phenomenon of laughter D．accent what a phenomenon laughter really is

正确答案：D

解析：在文章的第二段中，作者的两个反问句都是针对笑及笑时的表情，其目的在于强调笑的现象究竟是什么。所以本题的正确答案应当为[D]。

53． The writer feels that the answer to the mystery of humour given by the great minds of history is______.

A．dispassionate B．unsatisfactory C．satisfactory D．intelligent

正确答案：B

解析：根据文章的第三段的最后一句话，“历史上许多伟大的人物曾经设法利用他们的智慧来解开幽默这个谜，但至今他们所得出的结论互相矛盾，经不起时间的考验，所以是不能称之为科学的。”由此可见作者认为这些定义都是令人不满意的。因此本题正确答案应当为[B]。

54． The word “rutabagas” is inserted in Para. 4 to______.

A．support the writer’s opinion on Aristotle’s explanation of humour

B．show his agreement with Aristotle’s definition C．explain Aristotle’s definition of the ridiculous

D．prove that the ridiculous is that which is incongruous but represents neither danger nor pain

正确答案：A 解析：文章第四段中作者介绍了亚里士多德对可笑下的定义，对此他认为这一定义不完整，不严密。因此他给出例子插入一个与文章毫不相干的词来支持自己对亚里士多德的定义的评论。[B]、[C]、[D]三个选项均与作者的观点不吻合，正确答案应该为[A]。

55． The paragraph following will most likely discuss______. A．the writer’s intelligent definition of humour B．more theories about the mystery of laughter C．why there is humour D．the mystery of humour

正确答案：B 解析：根据文章最后一段的具体内容，谈论亚里士多德的另一个部分理论源于柏拉图的幽默理论。文章前面部分作者曾提到历史上有许多伟大的人物试图解释什么是幽默这一问题，而作者到目前为止还只涉及了一个伟人的理论，我们可以推测作者在后面的文章里很有可能会讨论更多伟人的幽默理论。所以本题的正确答案应当为[B]。

Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science; exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.

Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

56． The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as______.

A．society and chemistry B．physics and psychology C．sociology and psychology D．physics and chemistry

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。文章第二段最后一句告诉我们：学科专业化趋势在以数学训练和实验室训练为基础的科学领域中显得尤为突出。D项的两门学科属于此领域，所以D为正确答案。

57． We can infer from the passage that______.

A．there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation B．amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science C．professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community D．amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

正确答案：B

解析：推断题。答案同样可在第二段最后一、二句中找到：19世纪学科的专业化使得从事科研活动的非专业化人员面临越来越大的困难，在以数学训练和实验室训练为基础的科学领域中显得尤为突出。由此可推断，非专业化人员可以在除了这些领域外与其他专业人员一争高下。B项合题意。A项与第一段内容不符；C、D两项与第三段内容不符。

58． The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate______. A．the process of specialisation and professionalisation B．the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

C．the change of polices in scientific publications

D．the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。答案同样在第二段最后一句。句中的trend指的就是学科的专业化趋势。A项为正确答案。而B项和C项是这个趋势中出现的具体问题。D项：专业人员歧视非专业人员，在文章中并未提到。

59． The direct reason for specialisation is______. A．the development in communication B．the growth of professionalisation C．the expansion of scientific knowledge D．the splitting of academic societies

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。文章第一段第一句告诉我们：专业化是对科学知识日益积累的反应。所以C正确。

Part DDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

In his lectures at the Lyceum, a school that remained for centuries one of the great centers of learning in Greece, Aristotle defined the basic concepts and principles of many of the sciences. 【T1】In the first place. Aristotle criticized Plato’s theory of Forms by arguing that forms could not exist by themselves but existed only in particular things, which are composed of both form and matter. He understood substances as matter organized by a particular form. Nature, for Aristotle, is an organic system of things whose forms make it possible to arrange them into classes comprising species and genera. Each species, he believed, has a form, purpose, and mode of development in terms of which it can be defined.【T2】The aim of science is to define the essential forms, purposes, and modes of development of all species and to arrange them in their natural order in accordance with their complexities of form. The main levels are the inanimate, the vegetative, the animal, and the rational.【T3】The soul is the form of the body, and humans, whose rational soul is a higher form than the souls of other species on earth, are the highest species of perishable things. The heavenly bodies, composed of an imperishable substance, or ether, and moved eternally in perfect circular motion by God, are still higher in the order of nature. Aristotle’s political and ethical philosophy similarly developed out of a critical examination of Plato’s principles.【T4】The standards of personal and social behavior, according to Aristotle, must be found in the scientific study of the natural tendencies of individuals and societies rather than in abstract realm of pure forms. Less insistent therefore than Plato on a rigorous conformity to absolute principles, Aristotle regarded ethical rules as practical guides to a happy and well-rounded life. His emphasis on

happiness, as the active fulfillment of natural capacities, expressed the attitude toward life held by cultivated Greeks of his time. In political theory, Aristotle agreed with Plato that a monarchy ruled by a wise king would be the ideal political structure, but he also recognized that societies differ in their needs and traditions and believed that a limited democracy is usually the best compromise.【T5】In his theory of knowledge, Aristotle rejected the Platonic doctrine that knowledge is innate and insisted that it can be acquired only by generalization from experience. He interpreted art as a means of pleasure and intellectual enlightenment rather than an instrument of moral education.

60． 【T1】

正确答案：起初，亚里士多德通过证明形式不能独自存在而仅仅存在于由形式和物质共同构成的特定物体中才能存在来批判柏拉图的形式理论。

61． 【T2】

正确答案：科学的目的就是定义所有物种的基本形式，目的和发展的模式，并依据他们各自形式的复杂性按他们的自然顺序进行排列。

62． 【T3】

正确答案：灵魂是身体的形式，而人类，其理性的灵魂比地球上所有其他物种的灵魂都要高级，是所有生命体中最高等的物种。

63． 【T4】

正确答案：根据亚里士多德的观点，个人和社会行为的标准必然是在对个人和社会的自然趋势的科学研究中发现的，而不是在纯形式的抽象领域中发现的。

64． 【T5】

正确答案：在他的知识理论中，亚里士多德反对柏拉图的知识是与生俱来的学说，并坚持知识只有从经验的概括中才能被习得。

Section IV Writing (35 minutes)

65． You are required to write a composition about the trend of aged people to live alone. Your composition should contain the following points:(l)Present situation.(2)Possible reasons for such situation.(3) Your own opinion.You should write 160—200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

正确答案： Aged People Tend to Live Alone Recent years have seen a

tendency that more and more aged people prefer living alone. In the past, aged people would like to live with children and grandchildren. Aged people nowadays hope their married children would move to other places if possible. Why do aged people tend to live alone? The underlying reason is that, with the social and economic development, the old traditional idea of keeping several generations under one roof is to some extent unattractive. There are several other reasons. Firstly, many old people would like to enjoy their leisure time rather than busy themselves with heavy household chores. Some wish to travel around some scenic spots which they have long dreamed of. Some prefer to learn a new subject, painting for example, to enrich their lives. Secondly, guaranteed by social security and medicare, old people, most of whom still feel strong and healthy, do not need to be taken care of. Furthermore, by living alone they may avoid unpleasant quarrels because of the generation gap. Obviously, the aged people’s preference to living alone indicates the improvement of living standard and their new attitude toward life. However, living alone does not mean they refuse care and help from children or, happiness brought by their offspring. I believe they will have a better time if their emotional needs can be satisfactorily met.