博士研究生考试考博英语模拟题2020年(73)
(总分150,考试时间150分钟)
Structure and Vocabulary
1. 1.Every novel invites us to enter a world that is initially strange; our gradual and selective orientation to its manners______infants'______to their environment. A. imitates...welcome
B. completes...introduction C. resembles...adjustment D. alters...blindness
2. 2.To reach the Martian surface, NASA envisions an aerodynamic lander that flies down with thrusters to help it______. A. transcend B. descend C. commend D. surpass
3. 3.As we are on the point of______some important business with them, we should like to know exactly about their credit standing. A. transmitting B. transferring C. transacting D. transporting
4. 4.A year ago the firm had a______loss of 4. 3 million dollars or 20 cents a share after all necessary deduction. A. total B. gross C. net D. clear
5. 5.The mayor is a woman with great______and therefore deserves our political and financial support. A. intention B. instinct C. integrity D. intensity
6. 6.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest______ to everyone. A. speculation B. attribution C. utilization D. proposition
7. 7.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs______it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds. A. renders B. reckons C. regards D. relates
8. 8.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly and be______. A. swift B. instant C. timely D. punctual
9. 9.You don't have to install this radio in your new car. It's an______extra. A. excessive B. optional C. additional D. arbitrary
10. 10.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn't______to the traffic jam of the busy city. A. aid B. amount C. add D. attribute
11. 11.It will take twenty minutes to get to the railway station, ______traffic delays. A. acknowledging B. affording C. allowing for D. accounting for
12. 12.Whenever possible, Eve ______ how luxurious **fortable her new house is. A. show up B. show around C. show off D. show out
13. 13.I couldn't sleep last night because the tap in the bathroom was______. A. draining B. show around C. show off D. dripping
14. 14.All the rooms on the second floor have nicely______carpets, which are included in the price of the house. A. adapted B. equipped C. suited D. fitted
15. 15.Nine is to three______three is to one.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
16. 16.Everyone who has visited the city agreed that it is______with life. A. vibrant B. violent C. energetic D. full
17. 17.It is suggested that all government ministers should______information to their financial interests. A. discover B. uncover C. tell D. disclose
18. 18.I enjoyed myself so much______I visited my parents in the countryside last year. A. when B. which C. that D. where
19. 19.When he first started in university, he really felt at______with his major—economics. A. shore B. bank C. ocean D. sea
20. 20.Barry had an advantage over his mother______he could speak English. A. since that B. in that C. at that D. so that
Cloze
Though not biologically related, friends are as \"related\" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is【C1】______a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has【C2】______.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted【C3】______1, 932 unique subjects which【C4】______pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both samples.
While 1% may seem【C5】______, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, \"Most people do not even know their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who【C6】______our kin. \"
The study【C7】______found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity . Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,【C8】______, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more【C9】______it. There could be many mechanisms working together that【C10】______us in choosing genetically similar friends【C11】______\"functional Kinship\" of being friends with benefits! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution faster than other genes studying. This could help【C12】______why human evolution picked pace in the last 30, 000 years, with social environment being a major【C13】______factor. The findings
do not simply explain people's【C14】______to befriend those of similar【C15】______backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population. 21. 21.【C1】 A. when B. why C. how D. what 22. 22.【C2】 A. defended B. concluded C. withdrawn D. advised 23. 23.【C3】 A. for B. with C. on D. by 24. 24.【C4】 A. compared B. sought C. separated D. connected 25. 25.【C5】 A. insignificant B. unexpected C. unbelievable D. incredible 26. 26.【C6】 A. resemble B. influence C. favor D. surpass 27. 27.【C7】 A. again B. also C. instead D. thus 28. 28.【C8】 A. Meanwhile B. Furthermore C. Likewise D. Perhaps 29. 29.【C9】 A. about B. to C. from D. like 30. 30.【C10】 A. drive B. observe C. confuse
D. limit
31. 31.【C11】 A. according to B. rather than C. regardless of D. along with 32. 32.【C12】 A. forecast B. remember C. understand D. express
33. 33.【C13】 A. unpredictable B. contributory C. controllable D. disruptive 34. 34.【C14】 A. endeavor B. decision C. arrangement D. tendency 35. 35.【C15】 A. political B. religious C. ethnic D. economic
Reading Comprehension
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished **petition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict **petition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize **petition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or
maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in **petition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in **petition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather **petition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is **petition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and produce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, **petition is.
36. 36.In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some term in order to______. A. argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies B. smooth out the conflicts in human societies C. distinguish between two kinds of opposition
D. summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation
37. 37.According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that______. A. it results in war in most cases
B. it induces efforts to expand territory
C. it is a kind of opposition among social entities D. it is essentially a struggle for existence
38. 38.The phrase \"function in the disservice of one another\" most probably means\"______\". A. betray each other B. harm one another
C. help to collaborate with each other D. benefit one another
39. 39.The author indicates in the passage that conflict______. A. is an inevitable struggle resulting **petition B. reflects the struggle among social animals
C. is an opposition among individual social entities D. can be avoided
40. 40.The passage is probably intended to answer the question \"______\" . A. Why is there conflict **petition? B. Is conflict desirable? C. Is war inevitable?
D. **petition lead to conflict?
On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices \"active\" euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal(致死的)drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be relieved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn when there is no hope that it can effect an ultimate cure. \"Active\" euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books, punishable by 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who carries it out will not be prosecuted. Euthanasia, often called \"mercy killing\" is a crime everywhere in Western Europe. But more and more doctors and nurses readily admit to practicing it, most often in the \"passive\" form of withholding or withdrawing treatment. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately boiled over
into a, sometimes, fierce public debate, with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those opposed to the practice see themselves upholding sacred principles of respect for life, while those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years on the defensive, the advocates now seem to be gaining ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll taken last year in France said they would like the law changed to decriminalize mercy killings.
Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy in Europe since at least 1936, when a bill was introduced in the House of Lords that would have legalized mercy killing under very tightly supervised conditions. That bill failed, as have three others introduced in the House of Lords since then.
Reasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find. Europeans, like Americans, are now living longer. Therefore, lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illnesses as the primary cause of death. And the euthanasists argue that every human being should have the right to \"die with dignity,\" by which they usually mean the right to escape the horrors of a painful or degrading hospitalization(住院治疗).
Most experts believe that euthanasia will continue to be practiced no matter what the law says.
41. 41.From the passage we can see that in Holland______. A. a doctor who practices euthanasia will not be punished B. euthanasia is regarded as illegal C. euthanasia is very popular
D. active euthanasia is still illegal, but people often tolerate an experienced doctor who carries it out
42. 42.What is **ment of the author on the problem of euthanasia? A. Euthanasia is not regarded as a crime in France.
B. More and more medical workers like to practice euthanasia, no matter what form it takes. C. The problem of euthanasia is now being debated heatedly and openly. D. There is not much difference between \"active\" and \"passive\" euthanasia. 43. 43.Which of the following statements can not be found in the passage? A. Those opposed euthanasia say that they believe the right to live is sacred. B. Those in favor of euthanasia maintain that they are for humane treatment. C. Recently the advocates of euthanasia have got more support from the public. D. More and more people like to have the law changed.
44. 44.What do you think is the standpoint of the author on this problem? A. He is a fence-sitter.
B. He is afraid that the situation may get out of control. C. He is strongly against euthanasia.
D. He supports euthanasia whole-heartedly.
45. 45.Which of the following is the most reasonable cause of euthanasia? A. People don't like to live too long.
B. People don't like to suffer from lasting chronic diseases. C. People don't like to be hospitalized.
D. People don't like to become a burden of others.
Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops and factories are discovering the greater efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the \"typical\" Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of only a generation ago. He gains in **forts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness, or individuality.
Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that \"assembly-line life\" will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life—to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe?
Since the late 1950's life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of **petitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.
In spite of the critics, however, countless Frenchmen **mitted to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is preferable to the old.
46. 46.Which of the following is not given as a feature of the old French way of life? A. Leisure. B. Elegance. C. Efficiency. D. Taste.
47. 47.Which of the following is NOT related to the new French way of life? A. Shorter lunch hour. B. Greater output. C. **fort.
D. Leisurely cafe talk.
48. 48.Nowadays few Frenchmen______. A. prefer the modern life style
B. actually enjoy working at the assembly line C. are more concerned with money than in the past D. are **petitive than the old generation 49. 49.The passage suggests that______.
A. in pursuing material gains the Frenchmen are suffering losses elsewhere B. it's now unlikely to see a Frenchman enjoying a stroll by the river C. the French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked apples D. great changes have occurred in the life style of all Frenchmen
50. 50.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
A. Changes in the French way of life. B. Criticism of the new life style. C. The Americanization of France. D. Features of the new way of life.
When I was still an architecture student, a teacher told me, \"We learn more from buildings that fall down than from buildings that stand up. \" What he meant was that construction is as much the result of experience as of theory. Although structural design follows established formulas, the actual performance of a building is complicated by the passage of time, the behavior of users, the natural elements—and unnatural events. All are difficult to simulate. Buildings, unlike cars, can't be crash-tested.
The first important lesson of the World Trade Center collapse is that tall buildings can withstand the impact of a large jetliner. The twin towers were supported by 59 perimeter columns on each side. Although about 30 of these columns, extending from four to six floors, were destroyed in each building by the impact, initially both towers remained standing. Even so, the death toll(代价)was appalling—2,245 people lost their lives.
I was once asked, how tall buildings should be designed given what we'd learned from the World Trade Center collapse. My answer was,\"Lower. \" The question of when a tall building becomes unsafe is easy to answer. Common aerial fire-fighting ladders in use today are 100 feet high and can reach to about the 10th floor, so fires in buildings up to 10 stories high can be fought from the exterior(外部). Fighting fires and evacuating occupants above that height depend on fire stairs. The taller the building, the longer it will take for firefighters to climb to the scene of the fire. So the simple answer to the safety question is \"Lower than 10 stories. \"
Then why don't cities impose lower height limits? A 60-story office building does not have six times as much rentable space as a 10-story building. However, all things being equal, such a building will produce four times more revenue and four times more in property taxes. So cutting building heights would mean cutting city budgets.
The most important lesson of the World Trade Center collapse is not that we should stop building tall buildings but that we have misjudged their cost. We did the same thing when we underestimated the cost of hurtling along a highway in a steel box at 70 miles per hour. It took many years before seat belts, air bags, radial tires, and antilock brakes **monplace. At first, cars simply were too slow to warrant concern. Later, manufacturers resisted these expensive devices, arguing that consumers would not pay for safety. Now we do—willingly. 51. 51.The first paragraph tells us that______.
A. architecture is something more out of experience than out of theory B. architecture depends just as much on experience as on theory C. it is safer for people to live in old buildings
D. we learn not so much from our failure as from our success 52. 52.What can we learn from the WTC collapse?
A. Although the structure of the two buildings was very strong, the death toll was still very shocking.
B. The structure of the two buildings was of the first class.
C. The structure of the two buildings was not so strong as people had expected. D. The structure of the two buildings was strong enough to withstand any accidents. 53. 53.Ideally, the policy in city construction should be______.
A. lower than ten stories B. the lower, the better C. the higher, the better D. higher than ten stories
54. 54.Why are there still high buildings, or even skyscrapers in many cities? A. Because they are the symbol of modern time. B. Because many cities now lack building space.
C. Because high buildings are an important financial source of a city's budget.
D. Because high buildings represent the level of a country's science and technology. 55. 55.What is the most important lesson of the WTC collapse? A. We should wear seat belts while driving.
B. We should build low buildings just as we should drive slowly. C. We should make building tall buildings illegal.
D. We should pay for safety while constructing tall buildings.
English-Chinese Translation
56. 56.In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more clearly a matter of feeling. Adolescents, boys and girls, from deeply sentimental attachments, walk and talk together—not so much to polish their wits as to share their hopes and fears and dreams to form a common front against the world of school and family and to join in a kind of mutual discovery of each other's and their own inner life. Within the family, the closest relationship over a lifetime is between brothers and sisters. Outside the family, men and women find in their closest friends of the same sex the devotion of a sister, the loyalty of a brother. Appropriately, in Germany friends usually are brought into the family. Children call their father's and their mother's friends \"uncle\" and \"aunt\". Between French friends, who have chosen each other for the similarity of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of argument are the breath of life. But for Germans, whose friendships are based on common feelings, deep disagreement on any subject that matters to both is regarded as a tragedy. Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be absolutely binding. Young Germans **e to the United States have great difficulty in establishing such friendships with Americans. We view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, marry, or discover new interests.
Writing
57. 57.Write a composition with the title \"Is University Expansion a Good Thing?\" based on the following given outline. **position should be about 150 English words. Please write **position on ANSWER SHEET 2. Outline:
1. Some people say that the recent increased enrollment of university students is a good thing.
2. Others hold the opposite view. 3. Your opinion.
Please illustrate your point with adequate evidence.
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