高中英语必修1（北师大版）Unit 2 Heroes
知识点总结
一、重点词汇
· 基本用法
1. calm adj. 镇静的，沉着的
We should keep calm when we are in danger.
当我们处于危险的时候，要保持镇静。
2. calm v. (使)平静；(使)镇静
Moved by what she said, he could hardly calm down.
由于被她那些话所感动,他很难平静下来。
· 知识拓展
相关短语
calm down 平静下来
keep/ remain calm 保持镇静
calm sb./sth. down 使...平静下来
Calm down! Don't get so agitated.
冷静下来！别那么激动。
It is important to keep calm in an emergency.
情况紧急的时候，保持镇静是重要的。
He read the children a story to calm them down.
他给孩子们讲故事，让他们安静下来。
词汇辨析：calm/quiet/still/silent
这些词均含有”寂静的，无声无息“的意思。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和
情绪支配。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
silent:普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
· 基本用法
generous adj 慷慨的，大方的；大量的，丰富的
It was generous of you to lend them your new car for their holiday.
你非常大方，能把你的新车借给他们去度假。
He is generous in giving help with money.
他乐于在金钱上提供帮助。
a generous gift/ offer/ increase
丰厚的礼物/慷慨的提议/ 大量的增加
a generous mind/spirit
高尚的心/精神
· 知识拓展--相关单词
generously adv. 大方地；宽宏大量地 （反义词 selfishly）
generosity n. 慷慨，大方；宽宏大量
I felt guilty saying that, playing on her generosity.
我说这话是利用了她的慷慨，对此我感到愧疚。
He treated them with generosity and thoughtfulness.
他待他们宽容大度、体贴周到。
· 基本用法
violent adj. 暴力的；猛烈的，强烈的；剧烈的
Violent criminals like that are dangers to society.
那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。
He is suffering from violent pains.
他承受着极度的痛苦。
· 知识拓展--相关单词
violently adv. 暴力地；猛烈地；强烈地
violence n. 暴力；暴行；猛烈
The wind blew with great violence.
风异常猛烈地吹着。
The young man was charged with robbery with violence.
这个年轻人被控暴力抢劫。
The act of violence made people boil with anger.
这种强暴的行为令人发指。
They are violently opposed to the idea.
他们强烈反对这个想法。
· 原文再现
the main character from a story
故事中的主角
· 基本用法
character n. 人物，角色；性质；特色；性格；汉字，字体
He is a man of strong character.
他是一个个性很强的人。
The characters look like small pictures.
汉子看起来像一幅幅小画。
I find all the characters in his new novel amusing and interesting.
我发现他新小说中的人物都很风趣，逗人。
When they pulled down the old house in the center of the town, the whole character of
the place was changed.
他们拆掉市镇中心的旧房后，该地的特色完全改变了。
· 原文再现
When the spaceship was doing its seventh circle, Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and
the United Nations, expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore and use the space peacefully.
太空船飞到第七圈时，杨利伟在飞船上展示了中国国旗和联合国旗，表达了中国人民和平开发，利用
太空的意愿。
· 基本用法
explore v. 探索；探测；探险
The city is best explored on foot。
最好是徒步考察这个城市。
As soon as we arrived on the island,we were eager to explore.
我们一来到岛上就急不可耐地考察起来。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
explorer n.探险者
exploration n.勘探；探索，探究
exploratory adj.探索的，探究的；探测的
词义辨析：explore/uncover/discover
1. explore指通过科学方法或旅行去发现尚未知晓的领域或地方，表示“探究”的意思:
Scientists launched rockets to explore space.
科学家发射火箭以探测太空。
2. uncover意为“揭去……的覆盖物；使露出；揭露”:
Agents have uncovered a plot against the President.
特工发现了一个反对总统的阴谋。
3. discover指发现原已存在但未被人知道的事物，作“发现，发觉”解:
Columbus discovered America in 1492.
哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
Do you ever discover who did it?
你曾察觉到那是谁干的么？
· 原文再现
When the spaceship was doing its seventh circle, Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and
the United Nations, expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore
and use the space peacefully.
太空船飞到第七圈时，杨利伟在飞船上展示了中国国旗和联合国旗，表达了中国人民和平开发，利用
太空的意愿。
· 基本用法
peacefully adv. 和平地，爱好和平地；平静地，安静地
I don't know why they always argue with each other and can't live peacefully.
我不知道为什么他们总是彼此争吵，不能和平相处。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
peace n. 和平，宁静；平和
peaceful adj. 和平的，爱好和平的；平静的
China is a peaceful country and Chinese people are very friendly.
中国是一个爱好和平的国家，中国人民都很友好。
相关短语
in peace 处于和平的状态；平静地
He can't live in peace with his neighbors.
他不能和他的邻居和平共处。
· 原文再现
He told reporters later....
他后来告诉记者....
· 基本用法
reporter n. 作报告的人；作报道的人; 记者；通讯员；新闻广播员
Our reporter was the first person on the scene.
我们的记者是最先到达出事地点的。
That reporter has a nose for news.
那位新闻记者对新闻特别敏感。
· 知识拓展--词义辨析：reporter/journalist
reporter＝news reporter“新闻记者”，特指外出采访的记者。
journalist “记者”泛指新闻工作者，如报纸的编辑、采访记者、摄影记者都可以叫journalist。
· 原文再现
As Yang Liwei returned into the earth's atmosphere, helicopters were flying to where he would land,
ready to collect him.
当杨利伟返回地球大气层时，直升机已飞到着陆点，做好接他的准备。
· 基本用法
atmosphere n. 空气；大气压；环境；风气；气氛，氛围
The talks proceeded in a friendly atmosphere.
会谈在友好的气氛中进行。
They left the lights down to create a comfortable atmosphere.
他们让灯光保持暗淡以创造一种舒适的气氛。
I went out of the meeting room; the atmosphere there smothered me.
我走出了会议室，那里的气氛令我透不过气来。
The atmosphere of the city is very much polluted.
那个城市的空气受到严重污染。
· 原文再现
When Yang Liwei climbed out of the spaceship, he smiled and waved to the crowds waiting for him.
当杨利伟走出飞船时，他面带微笑并向等待他的人群挥手致意。
· 基本用法
wave v. 挥手示意；致意 n. 波；波浪
Bill waved his hand to us and then drove away.
比尔向我们挥手告别后开车走了。
A wave broke across the surface of the pool.
一个波浪从池水表面掠过。
The flag waved in the wind.
旗帜在风中飘扬。
The boat was smashed by a huge wave.
小船被一个巨浪掀翻胃。
· 原文再现
He led the 1911 revolution and founded the first republic of China.
他领导了1911年的革命，建立了第一个共和国--中华民国。
· 基本用法
found vt. 建立，创立，创办
His family founded the college in 1912.
他的家族在1912年创立了这个学院。
The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
注: found与find的过去式，过去分词的形式相同，它的过去式和过去分词是founded。
· 知识拓展
词义辨析
found 创建，建立（组织，机构，国家，学校等）
build 建设，建造（具体的或抽象事物）
put up 建造，搭起（建造高于地面的建筑物）
set up 开设，建立 （生意，公司，公益医院）
form 构成，形成 （关系网，观点，习惯等）
set up a flag 竖起旗帜
put up a tent 搭起帐篷
found a institute 建立研究院
build some hospitals 建一些医院
form a habit/an opinion 养成习惯，形成观点
相关单词
founder n. 创始人，奠基人
foundation n. 基础；奠基；基金会
The rumor is totally without foundation.
谣言纯粹是无中生有。
· 原文再现
His first victory was to win the equal rights for blacks to sit on buses.
他的第一个胜利是为黑人赢得了坐公共汽车的平等权利。
· 基本用法
equal adj. 相等的；平等的；胜任的
Woman demand equal pay for equal work.
妇女们要求同工同酬。
All men are born equal.
人人生而平等。
China has always insisted that all countries, big or small, should be equal.
中国历来主张国家不分大小， 应该一律平等。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
equal vt. 等于；比得上 n. 对手；匹敌；同辈；相等的事物
equality n. 平等；相等；胜任
equally adv. 平等地；相等地；均等地
He has no equal in music.
他在音乐方面没有匹敌。
However, it is equally important to you, the customer that each message is sent only once.
但是，对您（客户）而言，同样重要的是每条消息只发送一次。
The new law provided for equality of human rights.
新法律规定人人有平等的权利。
相关短语
be equal to （doing）sth. 等于；胜任（做）某事
I'm not equal to the position.
我胜任不了那个职位。
Twenty-five added to fifteen is equal to forty.
15和25相加等于40。
· 原文再现
After some struggle, blacks and whites were able to sit together on buses.
经过一番斗争，黑人与白人都能一起坐在公交车上了。
· 基本用法
struggle vi. n. 搏斗；斗争；拼搏
In 1862，the American slaves won their struggle for freedom.
1862年，美国黑奴赢得了争取自由的斗争。
They struggled through two years of the worst time.
他们度过了他们一生中最贫寒的两年。
This is the cause for which we have been struggling.
这就是我们一直为之奋斗的事业。
· 知识拓展
相关短语
struggle against 为反对…而斗争
struggle with 与…打架， 与…斗争 / 在内心与(自己、自己的良心等)进行斗争
struggle for 为…而斗争
He struggled against those who opposed his plan.
他与那些反对他的计划的人进行了斗争。
After struggling with myself for some days, I decided to accept his proposal.
经过好几天的思想斗争， 我决定接受他的求婚。
We should help those who are still struggling for liberation.
我们应当帮助那些仍在为独立而斗争的人们。
词义辨析：struggle/fight
struggle/fight 两个词均有“战斗，战争”之意。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
· 原文再现
He organised a march to Washington in 1963.
他在1963年组织了到华盛顿的游行。
· 基本用法
march n. 行军；行进；游行抗议
The soldiers had a long march to reach the camp before the night fell.
士兵们经过长途行军才在黄昏前到达了营地。
a peace march 反战游行
· 知识拓展--相关单词
march v. 行进；行军；游行抗议
The president saluted as the troops marched past.
军队齐步走过时，总统向他们敬礼。
The demonstrators marched through the center of the city.
示威群众穿过市中心进行游行抗议。
· 基本用法
brilliant adj. 卓越的；灿烂的；美妙的；杰出的；才华横溢的
He has got brilliant achievements in the field of physics.
他在物理学方面已经取得了卓越的成就。
The brilliant sun lit up their rooms.
灿烂的阳光照亮了他们的屋子。
The countryside was bathed in brilliant sunshine.
乡间沐浴在灿烂的阳光下。
Her brilliant performance redeemed the concert from complete failure.
她的精彩表演使这场音乐会免遭彻底失败。
With brilliant lights blazing everywhere in Christmas night, the city looked most magnificent.
圣诞节的夜晚城里到处灯火辉煌， 格外壮观。
· 知识拓展--相关单词
brilliantly adv. 灿烂地；辉煌地；光亮地
One or two of the players performed brilliantly.
一两个演员表演得非常精彩。
He earned admission to the Institute of International Relations and brilliantly mastered Japanese.
他凭优异的成绩进入国际关系学院，出色地掌握了日语。
· 基本用法
skillful adj. 有技术的；熟练的；巧妙的
A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.
平静的海洋训练不出熟练的水手。
And of course, a \"star\" is a person who is very famous and skillful.
当然，一个“明星”就是指一个非常著名而且有才华的人。
With a skillful movement he rounded the small fishing-boat.
他以灵巧的动作使小渔船调过头来。
I like making things by hand because my mother is very skillful, and I liked staying with her when
I was young.
我喜欢亲手作一些东西，这是因为我母亲的手非常巧，而且我小的时候喜欢同她在一起。
· 知识拓展
构词法： “n+ful”构成形容词
skill (n.)技能，本领-----skillful （adj）有技能的，有技术的；熟练的
peace(n.) 和平；平静----peaceful(adj.)和平的；平静的
stress(n.)压力-----stressful (adj.)有压力的
· 基本用法
awful adj. 可怕的；极坏的；使人敬畏的；糟糕的；难受的
Hi, Jill. I feel awful.
嗨，吉尔。我觉得很难受。
It would be awful if he found out the truth.
如果他发现了真相，那就糟了。
I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequalities in the world.
当我离开哈佛时,我并没真正有意识到这个世界存在着可怕的不平等现象。
I had an awful day at the office.
我在办公室里度过了糟糕的一天。
· 知识拓展
构词法：“n+ful”构成形容词
awe (n.)敬畏；恐惧----awful （adj）可怕的；极坏的；使人敬畏的；糟糕的；难受的
skill (n.)技能，本领-----skillful （adj）有技能的，有技术的；熟练的
peace(n.) 和平；平静----peaceful(adj.)和平的；平静的
stress(n.)压力-----stressful (adj.)有压力的
· 原文再现
It was full of drugs and violence.
这个地方充斥着暴力和毒品。
· 基本用法
violence n 暴力；暴行；猛烈
The wind blew with great violence.
风异常猛烈地吹着。
The young man was charged with robbery with violence.
这个年轻人被控暴力抢劫。
The act of violence made people boil with anger.
这种强暴的行为令人发指。
· 知识拓展--相关单词
violent adj. 暴力的；强烈的；剧烈的
violently adv. 暴力地；猛烈地；强烈地
He is suffering from violent pains.
他承受着极度的痛苦。
His face began to work violently.
他的脸部开始剧烈的抽搐。
They are violently opposed to the idea.
他们强烈反对这个想法。
· 原文再现
He has always been very strict with his daughters, training them hard to compete against each other.
他总是严格要求他的女儿们，要求她们刻苦训练相互竞争。
· 基本用法
compete n. 竞争；比赛；对抗
Companies must be able to compete in the marketplace.
公司一定要在市场中有竞争力。
We can compete with the best teams.
我们能与最好的队竞争。
He's hoping to compete in the London marathon.
他期盼着参加伦敦马拉松比赛。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
competition n. 竞争；比赛；竞赛
competitor n. 竞争者；对手
competitive adj. 竞争的，比赛的；求胜心切的
competitively adv 有竞争力地；好竞争地
The company faces tough competition.
这家公司面临着艰难的竞争。
America is a competitive society.
美国是一个充满竞争的社会。
相关短语
compete with/against 与...一同竞争
compete for 为了什么而竞争，后加目地
We know what it takes to compete for the jobs and industries of our time.
我们知道在我们的时代为工作和行业进行竞争需要什么。
So, on the one hand, the US just cannot compete with China on price.
所以，在一方面，美国不能与中国在价格上竞争。
We can compete against anybody –and we can win.
我们可以与任何人竞争——而且能赢得胜利。
· 原文再现
The sister's road to success has been amazing.
两姐妹的成功之路是令人惊叹的。
· 基本用法
amazing adj. 令人惊异的
This parrot is an amazing mimic.
这只鹦鹉很会学舌。
It is amazing that she should have said nothing about the murder.
令人惊奇的是她竟然对这桩凶杀案不置一词。
Just look at it. Isn't it amazing!
你看看。真叫人惊叹！
He has an amazing appetite for hard work.
他出奇地喜爱艰巨的工作。
· 知识拓展--词义辨析：-ving结尾和-ed结尾的形容词的用法
有一类动词后面加ing和ed转化为形容词。加ing表“令人...的”，加ed表“使人感到...的”，如，boring/bored;
exciting/excited; interesting/interested; relaxing/relaxed; terrifying/ terrified; amazing/ amazed等。
The book is interesting.
这本书很有意思。
I am interested in the book.
我对书很感兴趣。
· 原文再现
The first time Venus played in a big event was in 1996.
维纳斯第一次参加大型联赛是在1996年。
· 基本用法
event n. 事件，大事；项目；结果
He reported on the whole event to the minister.
他把整个事件向部长做了汇报。
He's making a good score in track and field event.
他正在田径赛中取得好成绩。
The 800m is the fourth event of the afternoon.
800米赛是下午的第四项比赛。
This event will be covered live by TV.
此事将由电视作现场报道。
This event has made the headlines.
这件事成了重大新闻。
· 知识拓展--词义辨析: event/ accident/incident/affair
这些名词均有“事故、事件”之意。
accident：强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。
incident：既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。
event：可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。
affair常用复数形式，已发生或必须要做的事情；也可指个人的“暧昧关系”
a car accident 汽车事故
shooting incident 暗杀事件
a fund-raising event 筹款之事
foreign affairs 外交事件
· 原文再现
...but he learned to breathe on his own.
但很快他学会了自己呼吸。
· 基本用法
on one's own=by oneself 独立地（凭自己的力量）
Although her father is in the firm, she got the job on her own.
尽管她父亲在公司里，但她那份工作却是靠自己得到的。
He can be left to work on his own.
工作可交给他一个人去做。
I'm well (fully) able to manage on my own.
我完全能够独自处理。
After graduation, he lives on his own.
毕业后他就独立生活了。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
of one's own 某人自己的...（常用作定语）
For reasons of his own, he refused to join the club.
因为个人原因，他不愿意加入该俱乐部。
I'd like to have a room of my own.
我想要有个属于自己的房间。
· 原文再现
He also raised a lot of money to promote medical research into back injuries.
他还募得了许多钱用来促进背部受伤的医学研究。
· 基本用法
promote vt. 促进；提升；宣传
He likes to read biographies of great men to promote himself.
他喜欢读伟人传记来提高自己。
We must promote commerce with neighboring countries.
我们必须促进与邻国的贸易。
If you keep your nose clean, the boss might promote you.
你若是规规矩矩的，老板就可能提拔你。
The meeting discussed how to promote peace.
会议讨论了如何促进和平。
· 知识拓展--相关单词
promotion n. 促进；发扬；宣传；促销；提升
It is great to hear about your recent promotion.
听说你近来得到了提升，这好极了。
His long absence from work delayed his promotion.
他长期不上班，把他的提升给耽误了。
She is responsible for sales promotion.
她负责推销工作。
· 原文再现
He also raised a lot of money to promote medical research into back injuries.
他还募得了许多钱用来促进背部受伤的医学研究。
· 基本用法
injury n. 伤害；损害；受伤处
The insurance policy protects you against injury.
如遭伤害，这保险单保证偿付你的损失。
If you try and lift that suitcase you'll do yourself an injury!
要提起那只箱子，你就要受伤了！
· 知识拓展
相关单词
injure v. 危害；损害；伤害；亏待，使委屈
injured adj 受伤的；受损害的
Don't injure yourself with that tool.
不要让那工具伤害到你。
He had to destroy the injured animal.
他只好杀死那个受伤的动物。
词义辨析：hurt/injure/wound/cut
这一组动词都有“受伤”的意思。
1. hurt: 为普通用语，既可指肉体上的伤害（可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰），也可指精神上、感情
上的伤害，（被very much/rather/deeply修饰），多指伤痛。
I hurt my leg badly in the football match.
在那场足球赛中，我的腿受了重伤。
He felt rather hurt at your words.
你的话使他很难过。
2. injure: 比hurt正式，主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等，强调功能的损失。
A bullet injured his left eye.
一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。
3. wound: 指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤，是出血的、严重的伤，尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤
或战场上受伤。也可指人们精神上的创伤。
The thief wounded him with a knife.
那小偷用刀刺伤了他。
4. cut: 指无意中造成的轻伤。
How did you get that cut on your hand?
你手上的伤口是怎么弄的？
· 原文再现
Have you thought of giving up after the accident?
事故发生后，你是否想过放弃？
· 基本用法
give up 放弃
I give up; tell me what the answer is.
我认输，告诉我答案吧。
He will give up smoking for good and all.
他再也不吸烟了。
She won't give up easily: she's a real fighter.
她不会轻易放弃的，她十分顽强。
· 知识拓展--词义辨析：give词组
give in 屈服；投降；让步
give away 泄露；分发
give out 发出（光，热等）；分发
give off 发出；放出；散发出
give me five 击掌；加油
give sb a hand 帮某人一把
give sb. a lift 捎某人一段
· 原文再现
Four days after the injury, I came to understand my situation.
受伤四天后，我就开始意识到自己的处境。
· 基本用法
come to do sth 经过一个过程，开始...，逐渐...； 做出（决定）；得出（结论）
I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another.
我希望我们能成为朋友，彼此互相了解。
So now we come to understand his words better.
所以，现在我们开始对他的话有了更好的理解。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
when it comes to （doing）sth 一说到...就...；说到某事
come to conclusion 得出结论
come to（oneself）清醒过来；回复知觉；回复镇定
When it comes to German, I know nothing.
谈到德语，我一窍不通。
It's very hard for us to come to a conclusion.
我们很难下结论。
When Jack came to, he was lying on the road and his wallet was gone.
当杰克醒过来的时候，他躺在马路上，钱包已经不见了。
· 原文再现
The doctor said I was not going to pull through.
医生说我无法康复了。
· 基本用法
pull through 度过难关；度过危机；恢复健康
He will pull through his illness soon.
他很快就会恢复健康的。
Together we always pull through.
我们总是一起度过难关。
The patient won't pull through, I'm afraid.
病人怕不行了。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
pull in 车停下；进站；靠岸
pull down 拆；使...下跌
pull out 离开；车子出战
Let's pull in here and have something to eat.
我们就在这儿停一下，吃点东西吧。
They have managed to pull down the old building.
他们已拆毁了那幢旧建筑。
The boat pull out into the middle of the river.
那只船划出到了河中央。
· 原文再现
Of course, I've had moments of feeling sorry for myself, but I've never had any thoughts of
committing suicide.
当然，有时我确实为自己感到遗憾，但我从未产生过自杀的念头。
· 基本用法
commit vt 犯罪；做错事；使...承担义务
It is impossible not to commit a mistake.
不犯错误是不可能的。
He commit three petrol station robbery in two day.
两天内，他三次暴力抢劫汽油加油站。
Don't commit yourself. It'll let us in for trouble.
别随便表态。这会使我们陷入麻烦的。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
committed adj 尽心尽力的；忠心耿耿的
commitment n 承诺；奉献
相关短语
commit suicide 自杀
commit a crime 犯罪
commit oneself to sb/sth 对某人承诺；答应对某事负责
be committed to (doing)sth 致力于；委身于；以...为己任
He would not commit himself in any way.
他不愿做出任何承诺。
After shooting his wife, he committed suicide in the bedroom.
在开枪打死妻子后，他在卧室自杀。
He didn't commit himself to anything.
他没有作任何承诺。
He was committed to the care of an aunt.
他被托付给给一个婕妈照顾。
· 原文再现
We have always got on really well.
我们总是相处得很好。
· 基本用法
get on (with sb./sth.)=get along (with sb./sth.) She and her sister have never really got well.
她和她妹妹关系一直不好。
融洽相处；进展
He can always get on well with his colleagues.
他总能和同事们和睦相处。
He is the last person that I'll get along with.
他是我最不愿与之相处的人。
· 原文再现
Our relationship has always been fantastic.
我们的关系一直都很好。
· 基本用法
relationship n. 关系；关联
The relationship between them is being improved.
他们之间的关系正在改善。
Their relationship soon went sour.
他们的关系不久就变坏了。
Our relationship is coming apart at the seams.
我们的关系破裂了。
· 原文再现
How did your parents react to the accident?
你父母对这次事故的反应如何？
· 基本用法
react v. 反应
How do you react to this modern artist's paintings?
你对这位现代艺术家的画有何评价？
How did they react to your suggestion?
他们对你的建议有什么反应？
· 知识拓展
相关单词
reaction n. 反应，感应；反动，复古；反作用
Could I ask for your reaction to this policy?
我能问一下您对这个政策的反应吗？
His reaction on this matter is unexpected.
没料到，他对这件事的反应是这样的。
相关短语
react to sb. /sth 对某人/某事作出反应
react with ... 与...起反应
He wasn't sure how to react to the news.
消息传来之后，他不知道该怎么办。
Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust.
铁遇水和空气会生锈。
· 原文再现
They divorced when I was four.
我四岁时，他们就离婚了。
· 基本用法
divorce vt. 使离婚，使分离；与…离婚 n. 离婚；分离 Divorce has become an everyday occurrence.
离婚已成为每天都有的事了。
The judge divorced the young couple.
法官判决这对青年夫妻离婚。
Mary's parents, it is said, have got divorced.
据说，玛丽的父母已经离婚了。
离婚
vi.
Mr. Hill divorced his wife at the age of 70.
希尔先生七十岁的时候与他妻子离婚。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
divorce sb 与....离婚
get divorced 离婚
They got divorced after one-year marriage.
他们结婚一年以后离婚了。
· 原文再现
How did you get involved with charity work?
你是怎样参与到慈善事业中去的？
· 基本用法
involve vt. 参与；涉及
How should we involve ourselves in school life?
我们应该怎样投入学校生活？
Don't involve me in solving your problems!
你解决你的问题，不要把我拉进去！
I refuse to involve myself. Divorce is your problem and your funeral.
我可不管，离婚是你自己的事，你自己负责。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
involve with 和...有密切联系；和...混在一起
get involved with 参加，参与；与....关系密切
be involved in... 包含在...; 与...有关；被卷入；专心做...
She was deeply involved with the local hospital.
她曾把精神和时间投入当地医院。
She didn't want to be involved in trouble.
她不想卷入纠纷。
She doesn't want to get involved with anyone right now.
她现不想与任何人谈恋爱。
· 原文再现
With the progress of new medical research, i'm confident that people like me would be able to
walk again one day.
随着医学新的进步和发展，我相信像我这样的人终有一天会重新站起来。
· 基本用法
confident adj. 自信的；确信的
Give your commands in a loud, confident voice.
发命令声音要洪亮、 坚定。
Your encouragement made me more confident of my future.
你的鼓励使我对我的未来更加有信心。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
confidence n. 信心；确信，自信
confidently adv 自信地；安心地
I have every confidence in our success.
我对我们的胜利充满信心。
相关短语
be confident of =be sure of 确信
be confident in ... 对...有信心
be confident that ....确信....
I think I am fully confident of his success.
我想我完全肯定他能成功。
He felt confident in the future.
他对未来充满信心。
He was confident that he would win.
他确信会获得胜利。
· 原文再现
So you can see, I'm far too busy with living to think of giving up.
因此你可以看到，我现在太忙着生活了，决不会考虑放弃。
· 基本用法
far adj. 远的；adv. 远远地 （强调程度）。
He is very lazy. He falls far behind in his studies.
他太懒了，在学习上远远落后。
far too （+adj/adv） 极为；非常；太....
That maniac drives far too fast.
那个疯子开车开得太快了.
This English poem is far too hard to translate.
这首英文诗非常难译。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
far from..... 远非...；远离
so far 到目前为止；迄今（与现在完成时连用）
as far as I know 据我所知
As far as I know, he is an honest boy.
据我所知，他是一个诚实的孩子。
His explanation was far from satisfactory.
他的解释一点也不令人满意。
The scene is laid in a village far from the city.
故事发生在远离城市的一个小村庄里。
So far the search for the missing boy has been fruitless.
到目前为止，还没有找到那失踪的男孩。
· 原文再现
On, come off it!
行了，别胡扯了！
· 基本用法
come off it 别胡扯；别吹牛了，常用在口语中要某人住嘴。
Come off it ! We don't have another chance.
别胡扯了！我们没有机会了。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
come off 发生，举行；脱离；成功
The sports meeting came off in spite of the rain.
尽管下雨，运动会还是如期举行了。
A button has come off my coat.
我外套上的一颗扣子掉了。
They had wanted it to be a surprise， but the plan didn't come off.
题目一直希望它能带来惊喜，但是计划没有成功。
· 原文再现
Who you admire?
你敬佩谁？
· 基本用法
admire vt. 钦佩；羡慕；欣赏
They stopped for a while to admire the scenery.
他们停了一会儿来欣赏风景。
I cannot but admire his wise plan.
我不得不赞美他的计划。
· 知识拓展
相关单词
admirable adj 令人羡慕的；令人钦佩的
admiration n. 钦佩；羡慕；爱慕；欣赏
His thick black hair is admirable.
他那满头浓密的黑发真令人羡慕。
I have great admiration for his courage.
我十分佩服他的勇气。
相关短语
admire sb. for.... 因为...而羡慕/佩服
I admire him for his success in business.
我佩服他事业有成。
· 基本用法
absolutely adv 绝对地；完全地 （用于回答问题或用作评语，意为“正是；当然”，相当于of course）
It was absolutely pouring with rain.
那时正在下暴雨。
Everything is absolutely normal.
一切完全正常。
I consider it absolutely necessary.
我认为那绝对必要。
---Do you agree with me?
你同意我吗？
---Oh, absolutely!
噢，当然！
二、重点句型
1015
· 基本用法
1. China's first manned spaceship 中国第一艘载人宇宙飞船。此处为多个词一起修饰一个名词。其
顺序通常为：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房。（即：美（描绘或性质），小（大长高），圆（形状），
旧（年龄和新老），黄（颜色），法国（来源，国籍，出处）， 木（材料，质地），书（作用，功能），
房（中心名词）。如：
a beautiful little red flower 一朵美丽的小红花
those four old-looking, grey, wooden houses 那四间老旧的灰色的木房子
a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket 一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮夹克
2. lift off （飞机，火箭等）起飞；（太空船）升空
The plane lifted off and climbed steeply into the sky.
飞机起飞并迅速升入空中。
The rocket lifted off from the launching pad.
火箭从发射台升了起来。
15001998
· 基本用法
1. 本句为主从复合句。从句是who引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词为Yang，此时引导词不可以用that。
2. choose from 表示“从...中挑选/选择”，如：
The girl chose a toy bear from all the toys.
这个女孩从所有的玩具中挑选出了一个玩具熊。
There are many books in the reading room for you to choose from.
阅览室有很多书供你挑选。
· 基本用法
1. separate from 与...分离；隔离；脱离；分手
Work separates humans from animals.
劳动把人和动物区分开来。
As we joined the big crowd, I got separated from my friends.
当我们加入人群当中时，我和朋友们被分开了。
2. 该复合句中含有一个由when引导的是时间状语从句。feeling。
3. soar vi. 高飞；高耸；往上飞舞 n. 高飞；高涨
Great trees soar above to cut out most of the light.
大树参天，把光线差不多都挡住了。
Food price soar during the cold weather.
这个冬季食品价格猛涨。
· 知识拓展
相关短语
separate...from... 把...和...分开
The Taiwan Straits separates Taiwan from Fujian.
of短语作定语，修饰a
台湾海峡把台湾和福建隔开了.
词义辨析：separate/divide
两者均可表示“分开”：divide 通常指把整体分为若干部分，其后常接介词 into;而 separate 通常指把
原来连在一起或靠近的东西分隔开来，其后常接介词 from。如：
The world is divided into seven continents.
世界被分成七大洲。
Divide the money among the six of you.
这笔钱你们六个人分。
The money was divided into two halves.
钱被分成了两半。
United we stand, divided we fall.
团结则存，分裂则亡。
We’d better separate the good ones from the bad ones.
我们最好把好的和坏的分开。
She doesn’t want to be separated from him.
她不想和他分开。
· 基本用法
1. do a circle=circle(v.)
The spaceship wad doing its seventh circle.=The spaceship was circling the earth for the seventh time.
飞船正在绕地球飞第七圈。
2. expressing the wishes of.......是现在分词在句中作伴随状语。分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，
原因，结果，伴随状况等。如：
In the old days, he went from door to door, begging for food.
在旧社会，他挨家挨户要饭。 （伴随状语）
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in the country.
大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。（结果状语）
Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.
一听到他们老师的声音，学生们立即停止了讲话。（时间）
Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.
因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助于老师。
3. explore v. 探测；勘探；探险；探讨
Can you explore the market possibility for us?
你能为我们考察一下市场前景吗？
· 基本用法
1. 此句为主从复合句，as 作连词用引导时间状语从句，意为“当...时”，same time，即主从句
动作同时发生。
As I looked, someone came near.
正当我看的时候，有个人走上前来。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it.
当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。
As I grow older, I get more optimistic.
强调at the
我越活越乐观。
2. 同时where还引导了一个介词宾语从句，在从句中充当地点状语。
They will move to where they live ten years ago.
他们即将搬到他们十年前住的地方。
3. ready to collect him 为形容词作伴随状语。形容词作伴随状语时，一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分
隔开。这种状语可位于句首，句末或句中。它在意义上相当于一个状语从句，表示伴随，原因，让步等。
He stared at the footprints, full of fear.
他两眼死盯着脚印，内心充满了恐惧。 （伴随）
He lay there, unable to move.
他躺在那里不能动。
Angry at the girl's oversleeping, Mr Green woke her up.
那女孩睡过了头，格林先生很生气，叫醒了她。
· 基本用法
1. 此句为主从复合句，when引导了一个时间状语从句。
2. waiting for him为现在分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句who were waiting for him。
There are still many people suffering from poverty.
仍然有很多人处于贫困中。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
正在建的房子是给老师们的。
The girl waving hands is his girlfriend.
正挥手的女孩是他的女朋友。
· 基本用法
1. 此句为主从复合句，that引导了定语从句，修饰先行词machines and inventions，that在从句中充当
宾语，而不是so...that...“如此...以致于...”句型。如：
He gave me so much help that i needed at that time.
当时他给了我很多我需要的帮助。（定语从句，关系代词that充当宾语，代替先行词help）
He gave me so much help that I succeeded in solving the problem.
他给了我那么多的帮助，以致于我成功地解决了那个问题。
（so...that...“如此...以致于...”，连词that引导结果状语从句，在从句中不充当成分。）
2. create vt. 创造，创作；造成
An artist should create beautiful things.
一个艺术家应该创造美丽的东西。
· 基本用法
1. personally 就自己而言，就个人来说；亲自地，当面地
Personally, I am against his suggestion.
就我个人来说，我反对他的建议。
I handed the book to him personally.
我亲自把书交给了他。
2. agree with 同意某人或某人说的话/观点/解释等；（食物，天气，工作等）对...适宜； 与...一致
I agree with what you said.
我同意你所说的。
The weather doesn't agree with me.
这种天气对我不适宜。
A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.
一个动词必须和它的主语在人称和数量方面保持一致。
3. fight against 对抗；反对；与...作斗争
· 知识拓展
词义辨析：agree with/agree on/agree to
agree with 同意某人或某人的话
agree on 主要指双方经过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议
agree to 后接名词，表示同意或接受某事，尤其指别人提出的某事（有时含有批准的意思）
He agreed with them about the need for change.
就需要改变这点他与他们达成共识。
Both sides agreed on these terms.
双方都同意这些条件。
She agreed to my going home.
她同意我回家。
1849
· 基本用法
1. 句中不定式短语to receive a .... 作定语，修饰the first woman，与被修饰词构成主谓关系。当名词前
有序数词时常用不定式作定语，如：
They were the last guests to arrive that day.
那天，他们是最后到达的客人。
注：中心词被序数词，最高级或no, all, any等词限定时，其后可跟不定式作定语，不跟现在分词短语
2. that women could become doctors, just like men. 是宾语从句。注意宾从的时态，如果主句是过去
时，从句也要用相应的过去时态。如：
Lucy asked me who I was waiting for.
露西问我正在等谁。
Lucy often asks me what I like doing in my spare time.
露西经常问我业余时间喜欢做什么。
注意：当转述客观事实或真理时，从句还是用一般现在时。如：
Our geography told us that the moon goes round the earth.
我们的地理老师告诉我们月亮围着地球转。
1999
1999
· 基本用法
句中meeting leaders and talking about problems...是现在分词短语作伴随状语。 分词或分词短语作状
语时，可以表示时间，原因，结果，伴随状况等。如：
In the old days, he went from door to door, begging for food.
在旧社会，他挨家挨户要饭。 （伴随状语）
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in the country.
大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。（结果状语）
Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.
一听到他们老师的声音，学生们立即停止了讲话。（时间）
Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.
因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助于老师。
· 基本用法
1. 此句为主从复合句，when引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词time。 as引导的时间状语从句。
2. speak of/about 谈到；论及
She has saved a little money, but nothing to speak of.
她存了一点钱，但少得不值一提。
People speak of Mark Twain as a famous humorous writer.
人们称马克吐温为著名的幽默作家。
· 知识拓展--相关短语
speaking of .... 谈到，说到
speak highly of 高度赞扬，赞赏
speak ill of 诋毁；说...的坏话
I can't speak too highly of the generous help I received.
我对我得到的慷慨的帮助无论怎样称赞都不为过。
You should not speak ill of your friend.
你不应该说你朋友的坏话。
Speaking of trip, do I ever tell you about the experience I have?
说到旅行，我曾经告诉过你我的这次经历吗。
· 基本用法
1. be strict with sb （in sth ）在某事上对某人严格要求
She admits to being strict with her children in their study.
她承认对自己的孩子在学习上严格要求。
2. training them hard to ...为现在分词短语作状语。分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，
结果，伴随状况等。如：
In the old days, he went from door to door, begging for food.
在旧社会，他挨家挨户要饭。 （伴随状语）
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in the country.
大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。（结果状语）
Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.
一听到他们老师的声音，学生们立即停止了讲话。（时间）
Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.
因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助于老师。
3. compete against sb 与....竞争，比赛
· 基本用法
1. 本句为主从复合句，so that 引导的是结果状语从句。so that既可以引导结果状语从句，意为“以致于...”，
也可以引导目的状语从句，意为“以便，为了...”，相当于in order that。目的状语从句里常用情态动词may,
can, might或could表示目的。不能把目的状语从句和结果状语从句混淆。比较下面两个句子的意义和结构，
就很容易区别了。如：
He spoke at the top of his voice so that the students at the back could hear him.
他说话声音很高，为的是后面的同学能听见。（目的状语从句）
He spoke at the top of his voice, so that the students at the back heard him.
他说话声音很高，结果后面的同学都听见了。（结果状语从句）
2. while developing their tennis careers为时间状语从句的省略，完整形式为while they were developing
their tennis careers。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时且从句中含有be动词的某种形式时，可以省
略状语从句的主语和系动词be，如:
While (he was) holding talks with president Hu Jintao , US president George W.
Bush thanked China
for its important role in the six-party talks.
美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
· 基本用法
1. keen adj. 锋利的；热心的；渴望的；敏捷的
be keen for 希望得到
be keen on 热衷于
be keen to do sth 热心做某事
The blind have a keen sense of touch.
盲人有敏锐的触觉。
He told me that he was keen to help.
他告诉我他很想帮忙。
I'm very keen on outdoor sports.
我非常喜欢户外运动。
2. come to an end 完结，终结，结束
The meeting came to an end at last.
会议终于结束了。
· 知识拓展
相关短语
bring/put an end to....结束，终止
Her sudden arrival put an end to their meeting.
她的突然来到使他们的会议终止了.
Such a practice must be put an end to .
此类活动必须予以制止。
1995
1995
· 基本用法
此句为主从复合句，关系副词when引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词1995. 先行词是表示时间的词时，
如果定语从句缺时间状语，关系词填when，如果定语从句中缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词that或
which。如：
I will never forget the day when we met for the first time.
我不会忘记我们第一次见面的那天。
I will never forget the day when we spent together last year.
我不会忘记去年我们共同度过的那一天。
· 基本用法
1. draw one's attention to...=attract one's attention to...=make people notice 吸引对...的注意力
2. not only...but also 用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，其意为“不仅…而且…”；
其中的also有时可以省略。如:
She not only plays well, but also writes music.
她不仅很会演奏，而且还会作曲。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well.
他不仅平时工作，星期日也工作。
说明:若连接两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
Not only you but also he has to leave.
不只是你，他也得离开。
若连接两个句子，not only后面的句子要用倒装，如:
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.
他不仅说得更正确，而且讲得更不费劲了。
3. living with all kinds of problems. 是现在分词短语作后置定语。修饰people，与people有逻辑上的主谓关系。
· 知识拓展
词义辨析 draw attention/pay attention
draw attention 招来，吸引注意力（主语是人或物）
pay attention 注意，留心，集中注意力（主语是人）
Her shouts drew the attention of the police.
她的叫喊声引起了警察的注意。
You must pay attention to the teacher.
你必须专心听老师讲课。
· 基本用法
1. get involved with 参与，参加....
2. It /This is how....这就是如何.....。how引导了表语从句，在从句中作方式状语。除了how以外，why,
because, where, when, what, that等都可以引导表语从句。如：
This is how we treat the Earth.
这就是我们对待地球的方式。
That was why he couldn't come to the meeting.
这就是为什么他不能参加会议。
It is where he was born.
这就是他出生的地方。
三、重点语法
· 用法
1．表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。 常与一般过去时连用的时间状
有：yesterday, last month, last Monday, two days ago, three years ago等。
He saw Mr Wang yesterday.
昨天他见到了王先生。
He worked in a factory in 1986.
1986年他在一家工厂上班。
2．表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would＋动词原形”。
I used to smoke.
我过去抽烟。
During the vacation I would swim in the sea.
假期里我常去海里游泳。
· 知识拓展
词义辨析：used to do / be used to (doing) sth
used to do... 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。
be used to＋名词(动名词)”，表示“习惯于……”。
I am used to the climate here.
我习惯了这里的气候。
He is used to swimming in winter.
他习惯了冬季游泳。
· 用法
1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作。由“was (were)＋现在分词”构成。
In 1980 he was studying in a university.
1980年他正在读大学。
He was reading a novel when I came in.
我进来时他正在看小说。
2. 表示故事发生的背景。
It was getting dark.The wind was rising.
天渐渐暗下来，风势增强了。
The wind was blowing and it was raining cats and dogs.
风在怒吼，天正下着倾盆大雨。
3. 过去进行时表示预计的、安排的将来的动作。
He said he was visiting me this evening.
他说他今晚来看我。
Nobody knew whether they were coming.
没人知道他们会不会来。
4. 过去进行时动词常与always，continually，frequently等词连用，表示过去经常发生的行为，往往带
有感情色彩。
I was always losing my keys.
我老是掉钥匙。
He was continually asking questions.
他老是提问题。
They were frequently quarreling.
他们老是吵架。
· 用法
1. 过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如：
He was writing his composition last night.
他昨晚在写作文。（不一定写完）
He wrote his composition last night.
他昨晚写了一篇作文。（已经写完）
2. 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词（如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see,
know, want, notice）可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food.
我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
3. 一般过去时与 always, constantly, forever, continually 等连用，表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”；
而过去进行时与 always, constantly, forever, continually 等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情色彩。
He always got up at six.
他过去总是六点起床。
He was always thinking of his work.
他总是一心想到工作。
4. 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去
进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：
I thought that he would agree with us.
我原以为它会同意我们的。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice.
我想到了要说服他接受我们的建议。
· 用法
现在完成时由“have＋过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：
1. 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响，句中没有具体的时间状语。
He has gone to Fuzhou.
他去福州了。（说话人认为他不在原地。）
He has been to Fuzhou.
他去过福州。（说话人认为他在原地。）
2．现在完成时表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间
的状语或so far，now，today，this week(month/year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。
He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 1985.
Now I have finished the work.
注：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段
时间的词连用。
3．现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning，we’ll go to the park.
· 用法
1. 侧重点不同
现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在所造成的影响。而一般
过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。
Yesterday I went to the zoo.
昨天我去了动物园。（仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关）
Li Lei has read the book.
李雷已看过那本书。（说明李雷了解那本书的内容）
2. 连用的时间状语不同
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：already，yet，still，just，so far，in the last (past)．..，
before，
ever，never，since...，for...等。
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：...ago，yesterday，last...，in 2000，just now等。
另外，现在完成时不可与yesterday，last week，two days ago等过去时间状语连用。
Have you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in a park?
你曾在公园里摘过花或踩过草地吗？
Father bought that watch ten years ago.
爸爸十年前买的那块手表。
I have never seen the film before.
我以前从没看过这部影片。
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