it本身用作代词外，也常作形式主语或形式宾语。在英语中，为了避免头重脚轻，即主语太长，我们会经常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语后置。这时真正的主语常为不定式、从句或动名词；相应地有时候如果宾语太长，我们也会用it作形式宾语而去替换它们。这样就会显得句子更为平衡。跟it相关的一些重要句式也常用语写作当中；灵活运用这些句型可以使书面表达更为高级和紧凑。一．it作形式主语的常用写作句型1.Ittakes(sb.)time/energy/effort…todo…Ittookthepolicethreeweekstogetthecriminalarrested.2.Itis/was+形容词+of/forsb.todo…,其中of表示一个人的品质；for表示一个事情的特征It’snecessaryforyoutohaveagoodknowledgeofTangPoetry.(2017全国一卷书面表达)It’sdiligentofhimtospendanhouradaylearningaforeignlanguage.3.Itis/was+形容词+that…It’ssignificantthatwestudentsgetwellpreparedfortheirownfuture.4.Itisa+名词+(forsb.)todo…It’savirtueandtraditionforusChinesetogiveassistancetothoseinneed.5.Itis/wasapity/shame/that………真遗憾It’sapitythatyoudidn’tattendtheeveningpartylastnight.6.It’smyhonor/privilege/pleasuretodosth…It’smygreatprivilegetobehere,sharingthismomentwithourfriendsfromtheGreatBritain.(2016天津高考书面表达)It’smypleasuretoshowyouaroundinBeijingwhenthatdaycomes.(2018北京高考书面表达)7.Itis/wasreported/believed/said...过去分词that…It’sknowntoallthat“Wherethere’sawill,there’saway.”8.Itseems/appears/happensthat…Takingofenergysavingandgreenhousereduction,ithappensthatIhavereadareportonthistopicinanewspaper.9.Itoccursto/hits/strikessbthat…某人突然想起……ItoccurredtomethatIshouldgivetheroomsathoroughcleaning.(2013陕西高考书面表达)Itsuddenlyhitmethattraditionalcultureisofgreatcharmandhugevalue.(2018北京高考书面表达)10.Itis(about/high)timethat…did…It’shightimethatthegovernmenttookproperstepstosettlethetrafficproblems.11.Itmattersthat/if/whether/疑问词Itdoesn’tmatterwhetheryoumakemistakesornot.12.Itis/wasone’sturntodo…Itisyourturntocleanourclassroomthisafternoon.13.Itis/wasnogood/use/uselessdoing…做……无用Itisnouse/uselessadvisinghimtochangehismind;heistoostubborn.14.Itis/wasnosurprise/wonderthat………不足为怪TheInternetkeepsusinformedofthelatestnewsandalsoprovidesentertainmentinthehouse.Itisnowonderthatit’ssopopularworldwide.15.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat………不言而喻Therefore,itgoeswithoutsayingthatitisthisproverbthatbringsmemotivationandencouragement.16.Itisone’s+名词+同位语从句It’smysincerehopethatyoucansparesometimeforavisittoTianjinagain.(2017天津高考书面表达)二．it作形式宾语的常用写作句型1.find/consider/feel/think/make/suppose/assume…it+形容词/名词+todo/doing/that从句IthinkitgreatfuntolearnthepoemswrittenintheTangDynasty.(2017全国一卷书面表达)2.Iwouldappreciateitif…Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldreplytomeatyourearliestconvenience.(2017全国三卷书面表达)3.Sb.likes/loves/hates/dislikesitwhen…IhateitwhenIhavetospeakinFrenchonthephone.三．其它常用的it写作句型1.Whenitcomesto…WhenitcomestotheseasonIlikebest,springwillalwaysoccurtomeinnotime.(2016四川高考书面表达)2.Itisthefirst/second…timethatsb.hasdone…ItisthefirsttimethatI’vebeenavolunteer,soIamnowreceivingallthetraininginvolved.(2017天津高考书面表达)3.Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since…自从……已有多长时间了……WhileithasbeenmorethanayearsinceyoutaughtusEnglish,I’vemissedyoualot.(2017天津高考书面表达)4.Itbe+时间段+before………过了多久才……Don’tbegloomy.Iwillbehalfayearbeforewegettogetheragain.提升训练一．用it作形式主语或宾语翻译下列句子。1.非常遗憾我不得不取消我们周日一起去书店的约定。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.显然，这次经历将会成为一个愉快的回忆。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.据报道，这次事故是由于四季的粗心驾驶造成的。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.而且，多与你的美国朋友一起参加户外活动对你更好，这可以帮助你放松。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.作为你亲密的朋友，我认为这对你来说是一个很好的机会，所以我想告诉你一些有关它的细节。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.这是我第一次跨出国门，踏上异国土地。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7.父母通常有如此高的期望值，以至于孩子们觉得很难不辜负父母的期望。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8.当谈及足球时，他就更兴奋了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9.我们从一中毕业已经十年了。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10.我认为这会让你感兴趣，因为你一直热衷于乒乓球运动。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.在我看来，保护地球是每个人的责任。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12.不久之后，在我们学校存车处有了两个入口，使得我们在那里存放自行车更加容易。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13.当谈及我所在的班级时，我必须说不能忍受一些同学的自私。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________14.我突然想起在什么地方见过他。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15.据说教授已经成功地完成了这个实验。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________题目一【答案】1.It’sagreatpitythatIhavetocallofftheSundaybookstoreappointmentwithyou.2.It’sevidentthatthisexperiencewillbeapleasantmemory.3.Itwasreportedthattheaccidentresultedfromthedriver’scarelessdriving.4.Furthermore,it’sbetterforyoutojoininmoreoutdooractivitieswithyourAmericanfriends,whichcanhelpyourelax.5.Asyourclosefriend,Ithinkitagreatopportunityforyou,soI’dliketotellyousomedetailsaboutit.6.ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveleftmycountryandsetfootonforeignsoil.7.Parentsusuallyhavesuchhighexpectationsthattheirchildrenfindithardtoliveuptothem.8.Whenitcomestofootball,heismoreexcited.9.Itis/hasbeentenyearssincewegraduatedfromNo.1HighSchool.10.Iconsideritappealingtoyou,foryouhavebeenenthusiasticabouttabletennis.11.AsfarasI’mconcerned,itiseveryone’sdutytoprotecttheearth.12.Soonafter,therearetwoentrancestotheparkingplaceinourschool,makingiteasierforustoparkourbikesthere.13.Whenitcomestomyclass,IhavetosaythatIcan’tputupwithsomestudents’selfishness.14.ItstruckmethatIhadmethimsomewhere.15.It’ssaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingouttheexperiment.二．概要写作。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways，researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople’semailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.“Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”Researchersanalyzingwordofmouthcommunication—emails,Webpostsandreviews,facetofaceconversations—foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative,butthatdidn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmoregoodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetofnewsstories:thousandsofarticlesonTheNewYorkTimes’website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe“mostemailed”listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannonsciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTheTimes’readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearousedonewayortheother,andtheypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticlewas,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Bergerexplainsinhisnewbook,Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn.题目二【答案】Onepossibleversion:Nowadaysscientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.Thisisbecausewhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Itwasfoundbythemthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmorelikelytomakethelistthannonsciencearticlesandthatreadersalsotendedtosharepositiveandexcitingarticles.引人入胜的开头一篇好的书面表达讲究“起、承、转、合”。“起”是文章的开头，要做到简洁有力、引人入胜；“承、转”是文章的中间部分，要做到内容充实的同时借用各种写作技巧和衔接过渡词，使文章从整体上层次分明、逻辑清晰；“合”是文章的结尾部分，要做到照应主题，回味深远。俗话说，“Wellbegunishalfdone.”；一个好的开头，不仅能引起阅卷老师的兴趣，也能留下好的印象。一．以下是一些常见的开篇方法：1.开门见山式用简单明白的叙述引出话题，让读者直观了解要谈论的主题是什么。多用于邀请信、申请信、道歉信和求助信等。①.IamwritingtoinviteyoutoseetheChinesepapercuttingexhibitiontobeheldthisSunday.(2017全二卷书面表达)②.IammorethandelightedtoreceiveyourletterknowingyourcomingtoChina.(2017北京高考书面表达)2.背景介绍式这类开头多用于要求就某一社会现象进行分析的书面表达，要交代写信事件或社会热点现象发生的背景，比如网络投票，公共场所不文明现象，环境保护，节约型社会等。可用于邀请信，议论文等书面表达。①.Asamajorchannelofconsumptioninformation,theratingisanefficientsourceofinformationforshoppinginourownconsumption.Interestingly,thesameratingmayhavedifferentinfluencesondifferentconsumers.(2018江苏高考书面表达)②.Onlinevotingbecomesincreasinglypopular,andmanycompetitionsgetinvolvedinit.Itisbeneficialtosomepeople,whereasitputsothersintoadilemmaoverwhethertovoteornot.(2017江苏高考书面表达)③.Lasttimeyoutoldyoumeyoulookedforwardtolearningmoreabouttraditionalculture….(2017年全国二卷书面表达)④.We’regoingtoYendangMountaintohaveanoutingonJuly8.Wereallyhopeyoucanjoinus.3.自我介绍式此类开头多用于与陌生人之间的通信与交流，由于双方关系陌生，故需要先自我介绍，比如询问信、申请信、投诉信、求助信和建议信等。①.IamLiHua,aSenior3student.Hearingthatsomevolunteersarewantedtowelcometheforeignstudents,Iamgladlywritingtoapplyforthisjob.(2018浙江高考书面表达)②.IamLiHua,astudentfromyourwritingclass.There’sgoingtobeanexhibitionintheArtMuseumonSunday.③.Iamoneofyourstudents,LiHua,fromClassTwo.I’mwritingtoaskforyourhelp.(2016全国一卷书面表达)4.询问问候式询问开头是一种客套语，给人亲近的感觉，也是书信中一种常见的礼貌交流方式。可用于熟人的信件中。Howareyoudoing?IamLiHua.I’mgladtotellyouthetabletennisinourschoolisrecruitingnewplayers.(2017全国三卷书面表达)5.感谢来信式这种开头多用于回信表示感谢、请求建议或帮助等。①.I’mgladtohearfromyou.I’mwritingtotellyouthateverythinggoeswellwithme.(2017天津高考书面表达)②.It’sgreattohearfromyou.IfeelproudknowingyourinterestinChinesehistory.6.列举事例式开头列举事例往往通过一个现象或事例引出相关的话题，接着在点名文章主题。可用于议论文、记叙文、文章续写或夹叙夹议的文体。①.LastnightIwaspreparingforthecomingexaminationwhenthenoisefrommyneighborhoodinterruptedme.②.Nowadays,peopleinmanybigcitiesarecomplainingaboutheavytraffic,seriouslyaffectingpeople’sdailylifeandeconomicdevelopment.7.引语使用式摘录或引用名人名言或常见的习语、谚语等作为文章开端。（具体更多谚语请详见学案一）Asthesayinggoes,“Aseverythreadofgoldisvaluable,soiseverymomentoftime.”It’sindeedthecase.8.描述图表式引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引出话题和问题，可以用于数据分析图的书面表达。①.Asisindicatedinthegraph,theboxofficeincomeofChinesemovieswitnessedaconstantincreasefromabout17billionyuanin2012toover40billionin2015.However,thatincreasesloweddownin2016.(2017江苏高考书面表达)这种开头也可以描述漫画型的书面表达，先描述图片内容再透过现象看本质。②.Asisvividlyshowninthepicture,onepersonisaskingtheothertodosomevoluntarylabor.9.问题描述式用提出问题的方式来引出文章的话题和内容，引起读者的思考或兴趣，可用于议论文等问题。EverystudentwillbeconfrontedwiththechoicewhenhepassestheCollegeEntranceExamination.Shouldhechooseagoodmajororagooduniversityfirst?Answersvaryfromstudenttostudent.10.主题抛入式提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和归纳的主题，可用于议论文、概要写作等。Theagedhaveaplaceinourcountry’sdevelopment,sincetheyarewiser,moreexperiencedinproblemsolvingandflexibleintime.二．常用于开头和结尾的短语和句型：1.Asisknowntoall,…/Itisknowntoallthat…/Whatisknowntoallisthat...2.Asfaras…isconcerned,…3.Asfarasweknow,…4.Astheproverb/sayinggoes,…5.Ashasalreadybeendiscussed,…6.Aswecanseefromtheabovetable,…7.Thepicturepresentstousthat…8.Recently,weheld…9.Thedrawingbearsadeepmeaninginitthat…10.Thechartshowsthedifferencesbetween…11.Thegraphrepresents…12.There’sawidespreadconcernovertheissuethat…13.Thiskindofphenomenonisn’tunusualinoursociety…14.Comparedwith/to…,…15.Tobegin/startwith,…16.Totellthetruth,…17.Wemustrecognizethefactthat…18.Whatcallsforspecialattentionisthat…19.Whatwebelieveisthat…20.Whenitcomesto…,…21.Asaconsequence/Asaresult,22.Fromthispointofview,…23.Withthedevelopmentof…24.Ifwecandoasmentionedabove,thereisnodoubtthat…25.Onlywithcombinedeffortscanwe…26.Therefore,wehavethereasontobelievethat…27.Lastbutnotleast28.Inaword/Inbrief/Inconclusion/Inshort/Insummary根据提示翻译下列书面表达的开头。1.我写信请你帮忙。我正在申请去一家外资公司做兼职。(开门见山式)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.常言道，“世上无难事，只怕有心人”。(引语使用式)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.交通问题是一个棘手的事情。它不仅影响我们的日常生活，也会威胁着人们的生命。上述所提的三种现象就是典型的例子。(列举事例式)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.越来越多的中国年轻人喜欢过洋节。中国传统节日似乎渐渐没了吸引力。(背景介绍式)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.上周五，我们邀请了一位特殊的嘉宾参加我们学校一年一度的艺术节。(背景介绍式)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.从图中可以看出，自从2014年，海归人数(overseasreturnees)就在不断增长。仅2014年就有69300的留学生回国，而2017年的海归人数剧增到186200.(描述图片式)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】1.I’mwritingtoaskyouforhelp.I’mapplyingforaparttimejobinaforeigncapitalcompany.2.Asthesayinggoes,“Nothingisimpossibleifyouputyourheartintoit.”3.Thetrafficissueisahardnuttocrack.Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople’slives.Thethreephenomenapresentedabovearetypicalexamples.4.AnincreasingnumberofChineseyoungstersarefondofcelebratingwesternfestivalsthesedays.ItseemsthattraditionalChinesefestivalsarelosingtheirattraction.5.Lastweek,aspecialguestwasinvitedtoourannualschoolartfestival.6.Asisindicatedinthepicture,thenumberofoverseasreturneeshavebeenontherisesince2014.In2014alone,about69.3thousandreturneescamebacktoChinawhiletheyear2017witnessedaboomwithatotalof186.2thousandoverseasreturnees.
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